制造成本管理讲授大纲了解浪费成本管理的目的成本管理的重要性制造成本的要素财务会计的目的分类方式成本的构成创造利益的架构公司的成本管理活动成本管理活动之具体推进方法WhatisMudaMUDA是日文的英语发音中文意思是浪费NOVALUEADDED没有价值增加WhatisMUDAMUDA浪费Work工作Unavoidable不可避免Avoidable可避免AnyoperationincludesWorkandMuda任何运作都包含有用功和浪费Motion移动NoValueAdded没有价值增加OperationbeforeKAIZEN运作改善前WhatisMUDAWorkUnavoidableAvoidableVSMisintendedtotakeKaizenactivityandtoapplyNPSskillstoeliminateallkindsofMUDAforincreasingthepartofwork.自主研究会目的是采取改善活动和应用NPS技术去消除各种浪费以增加工作的比重。OperationafterKAIZEN运作改善后Work工作ValueAdded价值增加WorkEnhanceandWorkKaizenWorkEnhance:ToaddmoreworkloadonoperationbutnotreduceMUDA工作强化:给操作者增加工作量,但不消除浪费WorkKaizen:ToremoveMUDAsothattherehavemoretimeforwork工作改善:减少浪费从而有更多时间用于工作续下WorkEnhanceandWorkKaizenCurrentsituation目前的工作现状(load:20Kg)负荷量为20公斤Work工作10KgMUDA浪费10Kg续下WorkEnhanceandWorkKaizenWorkEnhance劳动强化(Load25Kg)负荷量为25公斤Work工作10KgMUDA浪费10KgWork工作2.5KgWork工作2.5Kg续下WorkEnhanceandWorkKaizenWorkKaizen工作改善(Load20Kg)负荷量仍为20公斤Work工作10KgWork工作5KgMUDA浪费5Kg续下SevenKindsofMUDA(七大浪费)INVENTORY库存Waterlevel水平面=Inventory库存Rock=Problem岩石=问题SevenKindsofMUDAOVER-PRODUCTION过量生产SevenKindsofMUDAWAITING/MONITORING等待/观察SevenKindsofMUDAREJETCTS/REWORKS不合格品/返工SevenKindsofMUDATRANSPORTATION运输SevenKindsofMUDAMOTION动作SevenKindsofMUDAPROCESSING加工过程MUDAofInventoryThisreferstoalloftheinventory(materials,Work-In-Processandfinishedgoods)thatderivesfromtheprocessofproductionandTransportation.这提到的全部库存(原料,在制品和完成品)来源于生产工序工序和运输工序。Inventoryistherootofevil库存是罪恶的根源续下MUDAofInventory库存的浪费ResultsisMUDAofTransportation,storage,allocation,securityandsearch运输,仓储,放置,防护和寻找的浪费结果DifficultyforFirst-In-First-Outproductflow使产品先进先出的流动困难Lossininterestandmanagementexpense损失利息和管理费用DownValueofthematerial/product材料/产品的价值下降IncreasingspacerequirementandresultsinMUDAofinvestmentofexpansionofwarehouseandplant.增加空间的需求,结果使仓库和工厂的建设投资浪费MUDAofInventory续下MUDAofInventoryInventoryresultsinhidingproblems.库存的结果是隐藏了问题Principle:Toexposetheproblem.Firstistocutdownthelevelofinventory.原则:要使问题暴露,首先必须降低库存的水平。续下Waterlevel水平面=Inventory库存Rock=Problem岩石=问题•Inventoryresultsinhidingproblems.•库存的结果是隐藏了问题MUDAofInventoryMUDAofInventoryCan’tseerock=Problem不可见岩石=问题Cantseerock=Problem可见岩石=问题ProductionFluctuation生产波动7MUDAs7种浪费Setuptime时间EquipmentBreakdown设备故障MUDAofOverproductionThisreferstoproduceanything这指下述任一情况1)earlierthanneededtimeand/or1)早于需求时间和/或2)Ingreatervolumesthanneeded(asindicatedbyKanbanorotherindicators)resultsinexcessinventory2)数量超出需求(通过看板或其他指示器来显示)造成超量库存BecauseEOQ,theoverproductionqtywaitforsellinginthefuture.因为经济批量,生产过剩的数量等待在将来出售Canitbesoldinthefuture可在将来出售Thisistheneededrightqty.这是需要的正确数量续下MUDAofOverproductiontherefore,theNPSproductionconceptisJust-In-Time.JITreferstoonlyattherighttimetoproducerightqualityfortherighttype因此,NPS生产观念是即时生产。JIT指只在正确的时间提供正确数量的正确品种的产品Thisenhancesefficiencyandenablesquickresponsetomarketchange.这样提高了效率和能够快速响应市场的变化续下MUDAofOverproductionAmongthedifferentkindsofMUDA,MUDAofoverproductionisthemostserious.在不同种类的浪费中,过量生产的浪费是最严重的ThisMUDAoftenresultsin:这种浪费常常引起:1)MUDAofwaitingandMUDAofmotion等待和动作的浪费2)MUDAofprocessingandMUDAoftransportation加工和运输的浪费3)MUDAofearlierusingmaterialsandmancost提前使用材料和人工成本的浪费.4)IncreasingWIPandthenextendtheproductionThroughputTime在制品的增加和延长产品生产周期.5)IncreasingspacerequirementforWIPandthenenlargethetransportationdistancebetweenworkstation使WIP空间需求增加和扩大两个工序间的运输距离6)DifficultyforFirst-In-First-Outproductflow先进先出产品流动困难MUDAofOverproductionMUDAofWaiting/MonitoringThisreferstoasituationwhereaworkerwhohasbeenworkingaccordingtoastandardizedworksequencefindshimselfunabletoproceedtothenextjob.这指的是一个工人按照一个标准化工作顺序发现自己无法继续进行下一步工作的情况。续下Traditionalwrongconcept:Machinewaitingisnogood传统的错误观念:机器等待是不好的NPSnewconcept:AnotherkindofwaitingMUDANPS新观念:等待是另一种浪费Operatormonitormachinerunning操作者监控机器运转Mudaofwatching浪费的观察MUDAofWaiting/MornitoringMUDAofRejects/ReworksThisreferstotheMUDAofproducingdefectiveitemswhichmustberepairedordisposed.ThisMUDAcauselossofman,machineandmaterials.这指的是产品有缺陷必须进行修理或丢弃所产生的浪费。这种浪费导致人工,机器和材料的损失。续下MUDAofTransportationTransportationitselfisbasicallyMUDAsinceitdoesn’taddanyvaluetotheproduct:themoreTransportationperunit,themorethefinalproductcost.ThistermreferstoanyTransportationabovetheminimumnecessarytokeep“just-in-time”productionsmoothly---suchastemporaryunloading,loadtransfer,removalofsmallquantities,andmovementfromonespottoanother.运输本身是一种浪费,它不能给产品增加任何价值:每个个体的运输越多,最终产品成本越大。这术语起源于运输超出最小必要以保持“即时生产”生产平稳--比如暂时卸货,负荷转移,小量的移动和从一处搬至另一处。续下TouseconveyortoeliminatemanpowerforTransportationisnotaKaizen,becauseTransportationisstillexist.ItcauseanotherkindofMUDA---”MUDAofCapital”利用机械来减少运输的人力资源不是一种改善,因为运输还是存在。它导致另一种浪费--“资金的浪费”thebestwayistoeliminateTransportation根本办法是减少运输MUDAofTransportationMUDAofMotionMUDAofMotionisanyhumanmovementinproductionthataddsnovaluetotheproduct.动作的浪费是人在生产中移动却没有给产品增加价值.MUDAofProcessingAnyworkorprocessingthatdoesnotaddvaluetoproductandadvancetheproductionprocess,orcontributetotheprecisionorqualityoftheprocessedunitsisreferredtoasMUDAofprocessing一些没有给产品增加价值的工作或加工和产品预加工,或预留给工序精度或质量的余量就是所谈到的加工浪费ManEffici