英语国家概况-英国教育

BritishEducationEducationisavitalconcernthroughoutBritainbecauseahighlydevelopednationdependsuponeducatedprofessionalsandaskilledworkforce.TheliteracyrateinBritainisoneofthehighestintheworldatover99percent.EducationSystemBasicEducationSecondaryEducationUniversities&CollegesHigherEducationElementaryEducationStateElementaryEducationPublicElementaryEducationAges:5-11Ages:3-13Kindergarten/NurserySchools:3-5Infants’school/FirstSchool:5-7JuniorSchool:7-11Co-educationalThreetermswithholidaysatChristmas,Easter,summerKindergarten/NurserySchools:3-5PrivateSchool:5-7/8PreSchool:7/8-13AnInfants’SchoolCampusAprivateSchoolCampusSecondaryEducationStateschoolsIndependentschoolsComprehensiveSchoolsGrammarSchoolsSecondarymodernSchoolsPublicschoolsGrammarschoolsTheoldestschoolsintheUK(Shakespeare)ReservedforstudentswhogothighmarksintheElevenPlusexaminationorselectedbyothermeansConcernedwiththebusinessofgettingreadyfortheexaminationsSomeareacademicallyamongthebestschoolsinEngland.DistributionofgrammarschoolsintheUK.ManchesterGrammarSchool,themostfamousofthedirectgrantgrammarschoolsDirectgrantgrammarschoolAdirectgrantgrammarschoolwasaselectivesecondaryschoolinEnglandandWalesbetween1945and1976fundedpartlybythestateandpartlythroughprivatefees.Onequarteroftheplacesintheseschoolsweredirectlyfundedbycentralgovernmentwiththerestattractingfees,somepaidbytheLocalEducationAuthorityandsomebyprivatepupils.Onaveragetheyreceivedjustoverhalfoftheirincomefromthestate.ThestatuswasintroducedbytheEducationAct1944asamodificationofanexistingdirectgrantschemetoprivatelyendowedschools.Therewere179directgrantgrammarschools,whichtogetherwithover1200grammarschoolsmaintainedbylocalauthoritiesformedthemostacademictieroftheTripartiteSystem.Theyvariedgreatlyinsizeandcomposition,butonaverageachievedhigheracademicresultsthaneithermaintainedgrammarschoolsorindependentschools.Whenstatesecondaryeducationwasreorganisedoncomprehensivelinesinthe1970s,thedirectgrantwasphasedoutandtheschoolsrequiredtochoosebetweenbecomingmaintainedcomprehensiveschoolsorfullyindependentschools.Forty-fiveschools,almostallRomanCatholic,joinedthestatesystem,andafewclosed.Therest(includingallthesecularschools)becameindependent,andmostlyremainashighlyselectiveindependentschools.theTripartiteSystemTheTripartiteSystem/traɪ`pɑːtaɪt/wasthearrangementofstatefundedsecondaryeducationbetween1944andthe1970sinEnglandandWales,andfrom1947to2009inNorthernIreland.ItwasanadministrativeimplementationoftheEducationAct1944andtheEducationAct(NorthernIreland)1947.Statefundedsecondaryeducationwasarrangedintoastructurecontainingthreetypesofschool,namely:grammarschool,secondarytechnicalschoolandsecondarymodernschool.PupilswereallocatedtotheirrespectivetypesofschoolaccordingtotheirperformanceintheElevenPlusexamination.ItwastheprevalentsystemundertheConservativegovernmentsofthe1951to1964period,butwasactivelydiscouragedbytheLabourgovernmentafter1965.ItwasformallyabolishedinEnglandandWalesin1976givingwaytotheComprehensiveSystem.However,elementsofsimilarsystemspersistinseveralEnglishcountiessuchasKentwhichmaintainsthegrammarschoolsystemalongsidecomprehensiveschools.Thesystem'smeritsanddemerits,inparticulartheneedandselectionforgrammarschools,provedtobeacontentiousissueatthetimeandstillremainso.Usually,itconsistedofthreepapers:MostchildrentooktheElevenPlustransfertestexaminationintheirfinalyearofprimaryschool:usuallyatage10or11.ComprehensivesecondaryschoolsAcomprehensiveschoolisasecondaryschoolorstateschoolforchildrenfromtheageof11toatleast16thatdoesnotselectchildrenonthebasisofacademicachievementoraptitude.SubjectslearnedExaminationsbeforegraduationOLevel/AlevelSecondarymodernschoolsDesignedforthemajorityofpupils----thosewhodonotachievescoresinthetop25%oftheelevenplusexamination.Teachersarefreetodeveloptheirownideas,dependingontheequipmentandthequalifications.WetherbyHighSchool,atypicalsecondarymodernschoolinWetherby,WestYorkshireFourmostfamouspublicschoolsEtonCollegeHarrowSchoolWinchesterCollegeRugbySchoolrʌgbi拉格比EtonCollegeisaprivatesecondaryschoolinBerkshireCountyinsouthernEngland.ThepreparatoryschoolwasfoundedbyKingHenryVIin1440.AstatueofHenryVIstandsinthecourtyardofthecollege.EtonCollegeIn1591Lyondrewupthestatutesoftheinstitution,providingforthefreeeducationof40boysoftheHarrowparish,andlefttwo-thirdsofhisfortunetotheschoolwhenhedied.In1615pupilswereadmittedtothefirstcompletedbuilding,whichisstillinuse.HarrowSchool,institutionofsecondaryandhighereducation,inHarrowontheHill,nowapartofgreaterLondon.Thelatemedievalschoolwasre-endowedin1572byJohnLyon.WinchesterCollegeisawell-knownboys'independentschool,inthecityofWinchesterinHampshireandiscommonlyconsideredtobeamongstthemostacademicofallschoolsintheUnitedKingdom.RugbySchool,locatedinthetownofRugby,Warwicks