超级电容器文献2-Carbon materials for electrochemical capa

JournalofPowerSources195(2010)7880–7903ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectJournalofPowerSourcesjournalhomepage:∗,HidetakaKonnoa,OsamuTanaikebaProfessorEmeritusofHokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo060-8628,JapanbNationalInstituteofAdvancedIndustrialScienceandTechnology,Onogawa,Tsukuba305-8569,JapanarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received24April2010Receivedinrevisedform11June2010Accepted11June2010Availableonline22June2010Keywords:Electricdouble-layercapacitorAsymmetricalcapacitorCarbonelectrodeMicroporesMesoporesabstractThecarbonmaterialsusedforelectrochemicalcapacitorswerereviewedanddiscussedthecontributionofthesurfacesowingtomicroporesandotherlargerporestothecapacitanceandrateperformanceoftheelectricdouble-layercapacitors.Thenecessitytohaveaninternationallyacceptedspecificationforthemeasurementofcapacitorperformancewasemphasized.©2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.Contents1.Introduction..........................................................................................................................................78811.1.Capacitorsandbatteries......................................................................................................................78811.2.Cellconstructionofelectrochemicalcapacitors.............................................................................................78811.2.1.Electrolytesolution.................................................................................................................78811.2.2.Testcell.............................................................................................................................78821.2.3.Electrochemicalmeasurements....................................................................................................78831.3.Constructionofthepresentreview..........................................................................................................78832.Carbonmaterialstestedaselectrodes...............................................................................................................78832.1.Overviewofcarbonmaterialsforcapacitor..................................................................................................78832.2.Nanoporouscarbonspreparedbydifferentmethods........................................................................................78862.2.1.Activatedcarbons...................................................................................................................78862.2.2.Activatedcarbonfibers.............................................................................................................78872.2.3.Exfoliatedcarbonfibers............................................................................................................78882.2.4.Templatedporouscarbons.........................................................................................................78882.2.5.Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-derivedcarbons........................................................................................78902.2.6.Carbide-derivedcarbons...........................................................................................................78902.2.7.Carbonaerogelsandxerogels......................................................................................................78912.3.Carbonnanotubes............................................................................................................................78912.3.1.Advantagesofcarbonnanotubes...................................................................................................78912.3.2.Single-walledcarbonnanotubes...................................................................................................78912.3.3.Double-walledandmulti-walledcarbonnanotubes...............................................................................78922.4.Carbonscontainingheteroatoms.............................................................................................................78922.4.1.Oxygen-containingcarbon.........................................................................................................78922.4.2.Nitrogen-containingcarbon........................................................................................................78932.4.3.Boron-containingcarbons..........................................................................................................78942.4.4.Metaldispersedcarbons............................................................................................................7895∗Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].E-mailaddress:[e-mail](M.Inagaki).0378-7753/$–seefrontmatter©2010ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.036M.Inagakietal./JournalofPowerSources195(2010)7880–790378813.Newconfigurationusingcarbons....................................................................................