UNIT1Asweareatthestartofthecourse,thisseemsagoodmomenttooffersomeadviceonhowtomakethetaskoflearningEnglisheasier.课程开始之际,就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。SomeStrategiesforLearningEnglishLearningEnglishisbynomeanseasy.Ittakesgreatdiligenceandprolongedeffort.学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。Nevertheless,whileyoucannotexpecttogainagoodcommandofEnglishwithoutsustainedhardwork,therearevarioushelpfullearningstrategiesyoucanemploytomakethetaskeasier.Herearesomeofthem.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语,然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。1.Donottreatallnewwordsinexactlythesameway.Haveyouevercomplainedaboutyourmemorybecauseyoufinditsimplyimpossibletomemorizeallthenewwordsyouarelearning?But,infact,itisnotyourmemorythatisatfault.Ifyoucramyourheadwithtoomanynewwordsatatime,someofthemareboundtobecrowdedout.Whatyouneedtodoistodealwithnewwordsindifferentwaysaccordingtohowfrequentlytheyoccurineverydayuse.Whileactivewordsdemandconstantpracticeandusefulwordsmustbecommittedtomemory,wordsthatdonotoftenoccurineverydaysituationsrequirejustanoddingacquaintance.Youwillfindconcentratingonactiveandusefulwordsthemosteffectiveroutetoenlargingyourvocabulary.1.不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差?其实,责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑,必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习,有用的词汇必须牢记,而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。2.Watchoutforidiomaticwaysofsayingthings.Haveyoueverwonderedwhywesay,IaminterestedinEnglish,butIamgoodatFrench?AndhaveyoueveraskedyourselfwhynativeEnglishspeakerssay,learnthenewsorsecret,butlearnofsomeone'ssuccessorarrival?Theseareallexamplesofidiomaticusage.InlearningEnglish,youmustpayattentionnotonlytothemeaningofaword,butalsotothewaynativespeakersuseitintheirdailylives.2.密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过,为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'minterestedinEnglish”,而说“我精于法语”则是“I'mgoodatFrench”?你可曾问过自己,为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learnofsomeone'ssuccessorarrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时,你不仅必须注意词义,还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。3.ListentoEnglisheveryday.ListeningtoEnglishonaregularbasiswillnotonlyimproveyourear,butwillalsohelpyoubuildyourspeakingskills.Inadditiontolanguagetapesespeciallypreparedforyourcourse,youcanalsolistentoEnglishradiobroadcasts,watchEnglishTV,andseeEnglishmovies.ThefirsttimeyoulistentoatapedconversationorpassageinEnglish,youmaynotbeabletocatchagreatdeal.Trytogetitsgeneralmeaningfirstandlistentoitoverandoveragain.Youwillfindthatwitheachrepetitionyouwillgetsomethingmore.3.每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力,而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外,你还可以听英语广播,看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段,你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意,然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。4.Seizeopportunitiestospeak.ItistruethattherearefewsituationsatschoolwhereyouhavetocommunicateinEnglish,butyoucanseekoutopportunitiestopracticespeakingthelanguage.Talkingwithyourclassmates,forexample,canbeaneasyandenjoyablewaytogetsomepractice.Alsotrytofindnativespeakersonyourcampusandfeelfreetotalkwiththem.Perhapstheeasiestwaytopracticespeakingistorehearsealoud,sincethiscanbedoneatanytime,inanyplace,andwithoutapartner.Forinstance,youcanlookatpicturesorobjectsaroundyouandtrytodescribethemindetail.Youcanalsorehearseeverydaysituations.Afteryouhavemadeapurchaseinashoporfinishedamealinarestaurantandpaidthecheck,pretendthatallthishappenedinanEnglish-speakingcountryandtrytoactitoutinEnglish.4.抓住机会说。的确,在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多,但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如,跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读,因为这在任何时间,任何地方,不需要搭档就可以做到。例如,你可以看着图片或身边的物件,试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后,假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家,试着用英语把它表演出来。5.Readwidely.Itisimportanttoreadwidelybecauseinourlearningenvironment,readingisthemainandmostreliablesourceoflanguageinput.Whenyouchoosereadingmaterials,lookforthingsthatyoufindinteresting,thatyoucanunderstandwithoutrelyingtoomuchonadictionary.Apageadayisagoodwaytostart.Asyougoon,youwillfindthatyoucandomorepagesadayandhandlematerialsatahigherlevelofdifficulty.5.广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要,因为在我们的学习环境中,阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时,要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去,你就会发现你每天可以读更多页,而且能对付难度更高的材料。6.Writeregularly.Writingisagoodwaytopracticewhatyoualreadyknow.Apartfromcompositionsassignedbyyourteacher,youmayfindyourownreasonsforwriting.Apenpalprovidesgoodmotivation;youwilllearnalotbytryingtocommunicatewithsomeonewhosharesyourinterests,butcomesfromadifferentculture.Otherwaystowriteregularlyincludekeepingadiary,writingashortstoryandsummarizingthedailynews.6.经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文,你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力;与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流,你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记,写小故事或概述每天的新闻。Languagelearningisaprocessofaccumulation.Itpaystoabsorbasmuchasyoucanfromreadingandlisteningandthentrytoputwhatyouhavelearnedintopracticethroughspeakingandwriting.语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西,然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用,定会大有收益。UNIT2Atsixty-fiveFrancisChichestersetouttosailsingle-handedroundtheworld.Thisisthestoryofthatadventure.弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。SailingRoundtheWorldBeforehesailedroundtheworldsingle-handed,FrancisChichesterhadalreadysurprisedhisfriendsseveraltimes.Hehadtriedtoflyroundtheworldbutfailed.Thatwasin1931.弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前,已有好几