《阻尼振动与受迫振动》实验报告一、实验目的1.观测阻尼振动,学习测量振动系统基本参数的方法;2.研究受迫振动的幅频特性和相频特性,观察共振现象;3.观测不同阻尼对受迫振动的影响。二、实验原理1.有粘滞阻尼的阻尼振动弹簧和摆轮组成一振动系统,设摆轮转动惯量为J,粘滞阻尼的阻尼力矩大小定义为角速度dθ/dt与阻尼力矩系数γ的乘积,弹簧劲度系数为k,弹簧的反抗力矩为-kθ。忽略弹簧的等效转动惯量,可得转角θ的运动方程为220ddJkdtdt记ω0为无阻尼时自由振动的固有角频率,其值为ω0=k/J,定义阻尼系数β=γ/(2J),则上式可以化为:2220ddkdtdt小阻尼即2200时,阻尼振动运动方程的解为220exp()cosiittt(*)由上式可知,阻尼振动角频率为220d,阻尼振动周期为2ddT2.周期外力矩作用下受迫振动的解在周期外力矩Mcosωt激励下的运动方程和方程的通解分别为22cosddJkMtdtdt220expcoscosiimtttt这可以看作是状态(*)式的阻尼振动和频率同激励源频率的简谐振动的叠加。一般tτ后,就有稳态解cosmtt稳态解的振幅和相位差分别为222220/4mMJ2202arctan其中,φ的取值范围为(0,π),反映摆轮振动总是滞后于激励源支座的振动。3.电机运动时的受迫振动运动方程和解弹簧支座的偏转角的一阶近似式可以写成cosmtt式中αm是摇杆摆幅。由于弹簧的支座在运动,运动支座是激励源。弹簧总转角为cosmtt。于是在固定坐标系中摆轮转角θ的运动方程为22cos0mddJktdtdt也可以写成22cosmddJkktdtdt于是得到202222204mm由θm的极大值条件0m可知,当外激励角频率2202时,系统发生共振,θm有极大值220m。引入参数02kJ,称为阻尼比。于是,我们得到2220012mm0202arctan1三、实验任务和步骤1.调整仪器使波耳共振仪处于工作状态。2.测量最小阻尼时的阻尼比ζ和固有角频率ω0。3.测量阻尼为3和5时的振幅,并求ζ。4.测定受迫振动的幅频特性和相频特性曲线。四、实验步骤。1.打开电源开关,关断电机和闪光灯开关,阻尼开关置于“0”档,光电门H、I可以手动微调,避免和摆轮或者相位差盘接触。手动调整电机偏心轮使有机玻璃转盘F上的0位标志线指示0度,亦即通过连杆E和摇杆M使摆轮处于平衡位置。染货拨动摆轮使偏离平衡位置150至200度,松开手后,检查摆轮的自由摆动情况。正常情况下,震动衰减应该很慢。2.开关置于“摆轮”,拨动摆轮使偏离平衡位置150至200度后摆动,由大到小依次读取显示窗中的振幅值θj;周期选择置于“10”位置,按复位钮启动周期测量,体制时读取数据10dT。并立即再次启动周期测量,记录每次过程中的10dT的值。(1)逐差法计算阻尼比ζ;(2)用阻尼比和振动周期Td计算固有角频率ω0。3.依照上法测量阻尼(2、3、4)三种阻尼状态的振幅。求出ζ、τ、Q。4.开启电机开关,置于“强迫力”,周期选择置于“1”,调节强迫激励周期旋钮以改变电机运动角频率ω,选择2个或3个不同阻尼比(和任务3中一致),测定幅频和相频特性曲线,注意阻尼比较小(“0”和“1”档)时,共振点附近不要测量,以免振幅过大损伤弹簧;每次调节电机状态后,摆轮要经过多次摆动后振幅和周期才能稳定,这时再记录数据。要求每条曲线至少有12个数据点,其中要包括共振点,即φ=π/2的点。五、实验注意事项1.为避免剩磁影响,不能随便拨动阻尼开关2.只有测量受迫振动的相频曲线时才可开启闪光灯开关,使用完毕后立即关闭3.相频特性与幅频特性测量要在振动稳定后进行4.共振点附近要注意调节ω勿使振幅过大,以免损坏仪器5.几种阻尼状态下的幅频曲线及相频曲线画在同一坐标纸上,以便进行比较六、实验结果及其处理1.测量最小阻尼时的阻尼比ζ和固有角频率ω0。序号θjlnθj序号θjlnθjDj=lnθj+25-lnθj11615.081261314.8750.20621605.075271314.8750.231595.069281304.8680.20141585.063291294.8600.20351575.056301284.8520.20461555.043311294.8600.18371545.037321284.8520.18581535.030331274.8440.18691525.024341264.8360.188101515.017351254.8280.189111474.990361244.8200.17121464.984371234.8120.172131454.977381214.7960.181141444.970391214.7960.174151434.963401204.7870.176161424.956411234.8120.144171414.949421224.8040.145181404.942431214.7960.146191394.934441204.7870.147201384.927451194.7790.148211374.920461184.7710.149221364.913471174.7620.151231354.905481164.7540.151241344.898491154.7450.153251334.890501144.7360.154于是得到:2525211lnln0.02225iiib6.8896×10-3212510.00125bjSDD8.713×10-4由0.5221b得到:23223.501104bb1.0965×10-322322240.000164bbdSdbb1.3867×10-433.5010.00110(1.00965±0.11387)×10-3序号1234510idTT14.53614.55314.57114.58314.5921.4614dTs1.44567s21510.00210diiTSTT2.266×10-3210214.299dTs4.3462s-1022200.00141dTdT104.2990.006s2.测量阻尼3状态时的振幅,求出ζ、104.2990.006s。阻尼3θjlnθjθjlnθjDj=lnθj+5-lnθj1984.9426524.5540.3882864.8687464.4770.3913764.7878404.3820.4054674.7109354.3040.4065594.62510314.2200.40555211lnln0.0805iiib0.079821510.0025bjSDD0.0017522221.273104bb0.01269922322240.000324bbdSdbb0.0027921.2730.00110(1.2699±0.0035)×10-21014.6221.46220.0021dddTTsTsS14.663s1014.6221.46220.0021dddTTsTsS1.4663s1014.6221.46220.0021dddTTsTsS2.057×10-2210214.297dTs4.2858s-1022200.00141dTdT0.01104.2990.006s4.2858±0.0423s-1阻尼5θjlnθjθjlnθjDj=lnθj+5-lnθj11024.6256313.4341.1912804.3827243.1781.2043634.1438192.9441.1994503.9129152.7081.2045393.66310122.4851.17855211lnln0.1305iiib0.22421510.00085bjSDD0.0219722222.069104bb0.035622322240.000134bbdSdbb0.0034922.0690.00110(3.56±0.01)×10-21014.5961.45960.0061dddTTsTsS14.674s1014.5961.45960.0061dddTTsTsS1.4674s1014.5961.45960.0061dddTTsTsS210214.306dTs4.2846s-1022200.00421dTdT104.2990.006s4.2846±0.0180s-13.测定受迫振动的幅频特性和相频特性曲线。阻尼3(受迫振动):Tω/ω0θφφ理论(φ-φ理论)/φ1.620.90493832110.610.64-0.38%1.5490.9464170372023.01-15.05%1.5430.95009723920.824.96-20.00%1.5550.94276533518.421.25-15.49%1.5080.97214856134.831.878.42%1.4970.97929197142.339.925.63%1.5000.97733336740.537.577.23%1.4860.98654108755.559.60-7.39%1.4760.99322499465.269.68-6.87%1.4631.002050610385.284.201.17%1.4611.003422310490.396.02-6.33%1.4281.026610661142.3146.75-3.13%1.4191.033121952148.7142.754.00%1.4071.041933241153.7140.688.47%1.3911.053918033158.4157.040.86%阻尼5(受迫振动):Tω/ω0θφφ理论(φ-φ理论)/φ1.3221.10927416155.6161.09-3.41%1.3611.07748721150.4154.52-2.67%1.3831.06034725145.2148.74-2.38%1.4051.04374433137.9140.27-1.69%1.4201.03271839130.5132.14-1.24%1.4411.01766848114.9116.20-1.12%1.4451.01485154112.0112.50-0.45%1.4601.0044255897.097.07-0.07%1.4760.9935375979.679.68-0.10%1.4930.9822245564.863.252.44%1.4700.9975925986.786.130.67%1.5060.9737454754.153.221.66%1.5170.9666844247.546.402.36%1.5710.9334562728.627.324.70%1.470.9975925585.486.13-