高考英语二轮复习-专题一-阅读理解-5-篇章结构题课件

解题攻略5篇章结构题篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。即高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方式理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。因此这类题的解题思路也分为两种，如图所示：【使用说明】1．文章的段落组织通常采用总—分；分—总；总—分—总的框架；2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况；空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明；例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等；对比或类比关系：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。1．按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构[示例](2015·陕西阅读理解C节选)[1]Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitablebusiness,but,unfortunately,full­sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade­grownproductiontofull­sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.[2]Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull­sunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full­suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.[3]Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull­suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee­growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.[4]Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull­suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen­givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.[5]Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade­growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.57．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?方法运用：适用方法一：(1)通读全文，把握段落大意文章第一段提出咖啡豆种植方式转变，产生危害；接下来三段都是分别阐述了具体的危害；最后一段回扣话题，呼吁人们重视环境。(2)确定文章组织框架文章结构为“总—分—总”式，所以选择A项。2．按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构[示例](2015·重庆阅读理解D节选)[1]Therearemanyplacestogoonsafari(观赏野生动物)inAfrica,butridingahorsethroughthefloodedwatersofBotswana'sOkavangoDeltamustrankasoneoftheworld'smostexcitingwildlifejourneys.[2]Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure,providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses,professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationforprovidingagreatridingexperience.[3]Themorningride,whentheguidestakeyoutobeautiful,shallowlakesfullofwaterlilies,tendstobemoreactive.Itisunlikeanyotherridingexperience.Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface,itistrulyexciting.Youareverylikelytocomeacrosslargewildanimals,too.Onhorsebackitispossibletogetquiteclosetoelephants,giraffesandmanyotheranimals.Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough,asdoesyourheartrate,asyoumoveclosertothem.[4]Intheevening,ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace,withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare,ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.Asthesun'srayspassthroughthedustkickedupbythehorses,theromanceofAfricacomestolife.[5]Backatthecampyoucankickoffyourbootsandenjoyexcellentfoodandwine.Lookingbackonyourday,youwillfindithardtodenythatahorsebacksafariisascloseasyouwillevercometoansweringthecallofthewild.51．TheauthorintroducestheridingexperienceintheOkavangoDeltamainlyby________.A.followingspaceorderB.followingtimeorderC.makingclassificationsD.givingexamples方法运用：适用方法二：详读全文，可以看出文章是根据Themorningride,Intheevening,Backatthecamp的时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故选B项。随堂训练ADoyoueverpullyourphoneoutofyourpocket,thinkingitisvibrating(振动),onlytofindthatitisn't?Thisphenomenon,whichscientistscall“phantom(幻觉的)phonevibration”，isverycommon.Around80%ofpeoplesurveyedsaytheyhaveimaginedtheirphonesvibratingwhentheywereactuallystill.So,whatleadstothisuniversalbehavior?AccordingtotheBBC,theexplanationliesinyourbrain'sabilitytodiscoversignalsfromtheoutsideworld.Whenyourphoneisinyourpocket,therearetwopossiblestates:itiseithervibratingornot.Meanwhile,youalsohavetwopossiblestatesofmind:thejudgmentthatthephoneisvibrating,orthatitisn't.Ideally,youmatchthefourstatescorrectly.However,sometimesyourbraindecidesthattheconsequencesofmissingacallaremoreseriousthana“falsealarm”.Therefore,youbecomemoresensitivetovibrationssothatyoudon'tmissanything.Thisisjustlikethefirealarminyourhome—itcanbeannoyingwhenitgoesoffinresponsetojustatinybitofsmoke.Butthat'sasmallpricetopaycomparedtoafirereallybreakingoutbecausethealarmfailstoalertyou.Now,youmightstillask:whycan'tourbrainsjustmakeeveryjudgmentcorrectlywithoutbeingtoosensitivetofalsesignals?Theansweristhatyourbrainbearsaheavyburdeneveryday.“Yougetalargeamountofsensoryinformationthat'scomingfromyoureyes,earsandskin,andyoucan'tdealwithallthatinformationallthetime，”MichaelRothberg,aresearcheratBaystateMedicalCenterinSpringfield,