foregrounding-前景化

Foregrounding前景化Definitionsandconcepts•Foregroundisatermusuallyusedinart,havingoppositemeaningtobackground.•It’saverygeneralprincipleofartisticcommunicationthataworkofartinsomewaydeviatesfromnormswhichwehavelearnt.Anyonewhowishestoinvestigatethesignificanceandvalueofaworkofartmustconcentrateontheelementofinterestandsurprise,ratherthanontheautomaticpattern.Suchdeviationsfromlinguisticorothersociallyacceptednormsarelabeledforegrounding.(Leech,1968:57).Instylistics•ForegroundinginstylisticsisatermborrowedfromthePragueSchoolofLinguistics,whichisusedbyLeechandShort(1981:48)toreferto‘artisticallymotivateddeviation’.•ForegroundinghasitsoriginwiththeCzechtheoristJanMukarovský:itisMukarovský'soriginalterm,aktualisace,wasrenderedinEnglishbyhisfirsttranslator(Mukarovský,1932/1964).Itreferstotherangeofstylisticeffectsthatoccurinliterature,whetheratthephoneticlevel(e.g.,alliteration,rhyme),thegrammaticallevel(e.g.,inversion,ellipsis),orthesemanticlevel(e.g.,metaphor,irony).•Theimmediateeffectofforegroundingistomakestrange(ostranenie陌生化),toachievedefamiliarization.Shklovskysawdefamiliarizationasaccompaniedbyfeeling:henoted,moreprecisely,thatstylisticdevicesinliterarytextsemphasizetheemotionaleffectofanexpression(Shklovsky,1917/1965,p.9).And,Mukarovskýconcurs,Whenusedpoetically,wordsandgroupsofwordsevokeagreaterrichnessofimagesandfeelingsthaniftheyweretooccurinacommunicativeutterance(1977,p.73).Examples:1.Sillitoe’stextNowyou’dthink,andI’dthink,andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink,thatwe’ddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone,thatwiththebaker’sshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived,andwithnotasoulhavingseenus,andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatweweren’tmorethanfiveminutesintheplace,thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus.Butthen,you’dbewrong,I’dbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong,nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus.a)Therecursionofclauses,mainlythroughco-ordination,withsimilaroruniformitystructure.Nowyou’dthink,andI’dthink,andeverybodywithabitofimaginationwouldthink,thatwe’ddoneascleanajobascouldeverbedone,thatwiththebaker’sshopbeingatleastamilefromwherewelived,andwithnotasoulhavingseenus,andwhatwiththefogandthefactthatweweren’tmorethanfiveminutesintheplace,thatthecoppersshouldneverhavebeenabletotraceus.Butthen,you’dbewrong,I’dbewrongandeverybodyelsewouldbewrong,nomatterhowmuchimaginationwasdicedoutbetweenus.b)Thedistributionofclausesingroupsofthrees,producingastrikingpatternofparallelismsandsymmetricalstructure.c)Thethirdfactorislexicalrepetitionintheco-ordinatedunits;theeffectproducedbytherecursiononthesyntacticlevelcanbesaidtobereinforcedbytherepetitionofthelexicalitems.7OverregularityDefinition:therepetitionofcertainlinguisticunitsofatextandinparallelism,wheresomefeaturesvarywhileothersarekeptconstant.Namely,itincludesrepetitionandparallelism.Repetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatext,suchasword,phraseorevenasentence,whichincludesimmediaterepetitionandintermittentrepetition.8Immediaterepetition:therepeatedunitimmediatelyfollowtheinitialunit.Forexample:Donotgogentlyintothatgoodnight,Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday,Rage,rage…againstthedyingoflight.Notes:Rageisrepeatedseveraltimesinthispoem,thusgreatemphasisisattachedontheitem,andalsoonthewholethemeofthepoem:oneshouldstruggleviolentlyagainstdeath.9Example2Gold!Gold!Gold!Gold!Brightandyellow,hardandcold,Molten,graven,hammer’dandroll’d,Heavytogetandlighttohold.“Gold”isrepeatedfourtimesandreinforcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterandexcalmationmark.Itimplicatespoet’sgreatintensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold.10B.IntermittentrepetitionDefinition:therepeatedpartsareseparatedbywords,phrasesorsentences.O,howthatnamebefitsmycomposition,OldGauntindeed,andgauntinbeingold.Herethespeakerispunningonhisownname.Therepetitionherevividlycapturestheemotionalstateofspeaker:hisutterdespairofhisoldageandhishealthcondition.112ParallelismDefinition:Aparallelismusessimilarstructuresinseparatesentencestoexpressrelatedideasandwithwhichthesentenceisemphaticandforceful.Inparallelstructureitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phraseforphrase,clauseforclauseandsentenceforsentence.Type:large-scaleandsmall-scaleparallelism12A.Large-scaleparallelismDefinition:thekindwhichconsistsofmorethantwojuxtaposedunits.MyheartleapsupwhenIbeholdArainbowinthesky,Sowasitwhenmylifebegan;SowasitnowIamaman;SobeitwhenIshallgrowold,Orletmedie!ThechildisfatheroftheMan;AndIcouldwishmydaystobeBoundeachtoeachbynaturalpiety.(Wordsworth)13ExplainInthispoem,thepoethassuccessfullyexpressedhisgreatreverencefornaturewhichgoesbeyondtheboundsofthepast,presentandfuture.Thethemeisbroughtoutchieflybytheparallelismwhichexistsinlines3,4and5.Firstly,thesamenessofstructureimpliesthesamenessinmeaning.Thisshowsthatthespeakerhopesthathisresponsetoseeingarainbowremainsthesamethroughoutthelife.Secondlyandmoreimportantly,theemotionalfeelingexpressedgetsstrongeraftereachjuxtaposedunit,reachingitsclimaxinthefinalparallelunit.14B.Thesmall-scaleparallelismDefinition:t