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184Vo1118No14MaterialsScience&Engineering72Dec.2000:2000208215:(1923),,,.:10042793x(2000)0420002209(1):(,2724,100080)Widmanstabtten19,Fe2Ni(),Sorby1863,,,19-20,Martens()Osmond,Roberts2Austen()RoogzeboomFe2C,,;;:TG113,N91:AABriefHistoryofMetallography:É1TheBeginningGUOKe-xin(K.H.Kuo)(BeijingLaboratoryofElectronMicroscopyInstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,P.O.Box2724,100080Beijing,China)AbstractInthebeginningofthe19thcenturyWidmanstabttenuseddilutedwatersolutionofnitricacidtoetchasliceofironmeteoriteandobservedanorientedpatternofFe2Niaustenite,anticipatingthebirthofmetallography.In1863Sorbyexaminedironandsteelspecimenspreparedbygrinding,polishing,andetchingbymeansofareflectionmicroscopeandobservedpearlitecomposedoffinecementiteandferritelamellae.hehasalsodiscussedthepossibletransformationsoccurredinquenchingandannealingofsteels.Thisannouncedthebirthofmetallography.Duringtheshiftofthe19thcentury,MartensandOsmondmadeimportantcontributiontothedevelopmentofmetallographyanditsapplicationinthemetalindustry.Inthemeantime,Roberts2AustenandRoozeboomconstructedthepreliminaryFe2Cphasediagram,whichlaidthefoundationofmetallography.Comingtothefiftiesofthe20thcentury,metallographydevelopedsuccessivelyintophysicalmetallurgyandmaterialsscience.Keywordsmetallography;history;earlyhistory,,,,,,,2©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,,1(1820)Metallography1721(NewEnglishDic2tionary),,,(1856)(1864),,,,,,32(1830)14(1849),,,,,,,,1-51,,,,,,Bergman,Rinman1774,,,,AloysvonWidmanstabtten()1808(),,1,{111},,3©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(1820),,,:(1)1817J.F.Daniell,2(Tresca,1867)(2)1860W.Lubders,,(3)1867H.Tresca(2),,,A.Sauveur[6];G.KurdjumovG.SachsXR.F.Mehl(C.S.Barrett)Sauveur,[7],1808,21863H.C.Sorby(),,,01025,,,,,1963[4,5],1863(1864,1863728)Sorbite,,1826Sheffield,,,,[8,9],Sheffield,,230,100,15([10]),21(1850),244©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,:(1)(1890HoweFerrite,);(2)(1881ApelFe3C,1890HoweCementite,);(3)PearlyConstituent(HowePearlite,);(4);(5),1886:,1ö40000,1ö80000,1ö60000;,,3(Sheffield)1953,500,560,!,,:,3;1953(500),,(:),,,(:),,1856Mushet5-6%:Mushet,(),,,3,,5©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,Martin)FlorisOsmond18781885,,,OsmondCreusot(),1880,,,,[11,12],,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,Osmond1895Martensite,,Osmond,,,,,,,,,OsmondOsmond,4,,,Pt2Rd;,(H)(t),(H)dtödH,(5)1887,900,750700:910:CA768:723:,4116%C(Osmond,1901)C,A,B,C,(1900):A,B,C;C,{111};A,B,{111}{100},{112}X,C,A,B,X,Osmond,,Osmond,A(Arresta26©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.),c(chauffage)r(refroidisse2ment),A,B,C,OsmondOsmond;,,,CAustenite,,Fe2CW.C.Roberts2Austen()L.J.Troost(,Osmond,)7©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(2),Osmond,,Osmond(1895,1904),,:11Metallographist(1898-1903)InternationaleZeitschriftfubrMetallographie(1911-1918)211910,1919H.Hanemann,AtlasMetallographicus,31H.Behrens:DasmikroskopischeGefubgederMetalleandLegierungen(1894).F.Osmond,J.E.Stead:TheMicroscopicAnalysisofMetals(1904).P.Goerens:EinfubhrungderMetallographie(1906,1948).C.H.Desch:Metallography(1910,1944).H.M.Howe:MetallographyofSteelandCastIron(1915).A.Sauveur:TheMetallogra2phyandHeatTreatmentofIronandSteel(1916,1943).41Fe2C1899-1900(W.C.Roberts2Austen,H.W.Bakhuis2Roozeboom),51,G.Tammann(1903),(Metallkunde,),,LehrbuchderMetallkunde(1914,1932)4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,X,,,Metallography1982::54211:97218,,,,,,,,,G.P.,,,,,!8©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[1]R.F.Mehl.ABriefHistoryoftheScienceofMetals[C],Amer.Inst.Minning.Met.Engrs.,1948[2]L.Aitchison.AHistoryofMetals[M],MacDon2ald,1960[3]C.S.Smith.AHistoryofMetallography[M],U2niv.ChicagoPress,1960[4]Metallography,1963ProceedingsoftheSorbyCentenaryMeeting,TheIronandSteelInstitute[C],1963[5]C.S.Smith,ed..TheSorbyCentennialSymposiomontheHistoryofMetallography[M],GordonandBreach,1965[6]A.Sauveur,C.H.Chou().Trans.Amer.In2st.Min[J].Met.Eng.,84(1929),350[7]R.F.Mehl.OntheWidmanstabttenStructure,[5],P.245[8]N.Higham.SorbyTheManandHisBack2ground,[5],P.1[9]H.Moore.HenryCliftonSorby,[4],P.37[10][5],P.43[11]P.G.Bastein.[5],P.171[12]F.Wever.[5],P.163(87)[10],,CMSX24[J].,1997,33(11):1147[11],GlatzelU,Feller2KniepmeierM.,C[J].,1995,31(12):A531[12]PengZF.GlatzelU.LinkT.,Feller2KniepmeierM.ChangeofPhaseMorpholingiesDuringCreepofCMSX24at1253K[J].SctMater,1996,34(2):221[13]BrermannH,StrehlerM,MughrabiH.,High2Tem2peratureMeasurementsofLatticeParametersandInternalStressesofaCreep2DeformedMonocrystal2ineNickel2BaseSuperalloy[J].MetallMaterTrans,1996(Apr),27A:1003[14],,,,,[J].,1999,35(5):585[15]GlatzelU,MicrostructureandInternalStrainsofUndeformedandCreepDeformedSamples