英语中主动表被动的六种常见结构

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1英语中主动表被动的六种常见结构英语动词,通常都是主动形式表主动意义、被动形式表被动意义。但在有些情况下,却用主动形式表被动意义。现将这些情况总结如下:一、某些系动词+形容词常见的这类系动词有:look,feel,smell,sound,taste,prove,turnout(结果是,证明是)等。例如:Thiscoatfeelsverysoftandsmooth.Whathesaidsoundsreasonable.Themedicinetastesbitter.Allhesaidproved(tobe)true.Theflowerssmellingsweet(=whichsmellsweet)inthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn’tquiteturnoutasplanned.二、某些用作不及物意义的动词+副词常见的这类动词有:wash,clean,cook,eat,drink,brew,fry,bake,iron,cut,dye,dry,sell,read,write,teach,translate,record,wear,draw,drive,ride,lock,unlock,close,shut,open,break,smoke,play,act,windup,makeup,blow,keep,burn,light,strike(划着),fire,pull,fill,begin,start,finish,complete,run(运转),stop,end,owe,print,move,let(出租),carry,handle,kill,,milk,pack,pick,split等。这时:(1)句子的主语通常指物。(2)用来表示主语的内在品质、特征、状态或性质。(3)通常和副词easily,well,quickly,smoothly,badly,poorly,nicely,wonderfully,perfectly,comfortably等连用。例如:1、Hepaidallthatwasowing.2、Theteaisbrewing.3、Becausetheshopisclosingdown,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.4、—Whatareyougoingtodothisafternoon?—Iamgoingtothecinemawithsomefriends.Thefilmfinishesquiteearly,sowearegoingtothebookstoreafterthat.5、Booksofthiskindsellwell.6、Thisknifecutseasily.7、Thiskindofclothwasheswell,ironseasilyandwearslong.8、Thepapertearseasily.9、Thisarticletranslateswellandreadseasily.10、Thepenmyfathergavemeasabirthdaygiftwritessmoothly.11、Theschoolopensat7∶45andclassesbeginat8:00.12、Thecigarsmokesbadly.13、hecakeseatdeliciously.14、---Mummy,canIputthepeachesinthecupboard?---No,dear.Theydon’tkeepwell.Puttheminthefridgeinstead.215、Hisvoicedoesn'tcarrywell.16、Thismaterialdoesnotdyewellbutdriesquickly.17、Thedampmatchwon'tstrike.注意:在这里动词都是当作不及物动词使用,用主动形式表被动强调的是主语本身所具有的某种内在的品质,促进、妨碍或阻止动词表示动作的实现;如果用被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响,动词表示的动作的实现与否和主语的品质无关,主要取决于动作的执行者。试比较:Thisnoveldoesn’tsellwell.这本小说销售不畅。(是小说本身的原因)Thesenovelshavenotbeensold.这些小说没有销出去。(由于其它原因没有卖出去,与小说本身无关)Thedoorwon’tlock.门锁不上。(门本身有毛病)Thedoorwasn’tlocked.门没锁。(人没把门锁上,与门本身无关)Thetextteacheswell.这篇课文好教。(由于课文本身的内容才使得这课文“好教”)Thetextisnottaughtwell.这篇课文没有教好。(与课文本身无关,问题是动作执行者没有把课文教好。三、某些不及物动词(短语)常见的这类动词有:happen,occur,takeplace,belongto,breakout,last,runout,goout(熄灭),godown(下降),cost,spread,come(传来),comeon(开始),comeout(出版),comeup(出现),comeintobeing(产生),cometoone’smind(想起),comeabout(发生),cometrue,giveout,suit,fit,addup(to),catchfire,measure,weigh等1、Thewarbrokeoutin1938andlastedeightyears.2、Thebighousebelongstome.3、ThefirsttextbookswrittenforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe18thcentury.4、Thebridgemeasures30metersacross.5、Thenewscamethatourteamhadwonthegame.6、Aterribleaccidenthappenedlastnight.7、Thepricehasgonedown,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.8、Theeveningnewscomesonatseveno’clockandlastsonlythirtyminutes.四、某些介词+名词常见的介词有:under,beyond,in,on,for,outof等。(1)“under+名词”结构,表示某事“在进行中”。例如:Thewholematterisunderdiscussion(=isbeingdiscussed).Heissaidtobeunderarrestforstealing.Thehouseunderrepairisourclassroombuilding.类似的结构还有:underconstruction(在建造中),undertreatment(在治疗中),underquestion(在审讯中),underattack(在进攻中),underconsideration(在考虑中),undercontact(在联系中),underexamination(在审查中),underinvestigation(在调查中),underreview(在审议中),undertrial(在受审中),undercontrol(在被控制中)等。(2)“beyond+名词”结构,表示“超出(胜过)……范围、限度”。例如:3Thenewsisbeyondbelief(=Thenewscan’tbebelieved).类似的结构还有beyondone’sreach(鞭长莫及),beyondone’scontrol(无法控制),beyondone’sunderstanding(无法理解),beyondone’sexpectation(始料不及),beyondone’spower(力所不能及)等。(3)“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事……中”。例如:Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).常见的还有:onsale(出售),onshow(展出),ontrial(受审)等。(4)“outof+名词”结构,表示“超出……之外”,例如:Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled).。常见的有:outofsight(超出视线之外),outofone’sreach(够不着),outoffashion(过时),outofquestion(毫无疑问)等。(5)“for+名词”结构,表示“适于……,有待于……”。例如:Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).Theshopisforrent.(6)“in+名词”结构,表示“在……过程中或范围内”例如:Thebookisnotyetinprint.(=isnotyetprinted)Thehouseisinsightnow.5、动词不定式(1)主语+及物动词+宾语+todo(作定语)。这时,不定式虽与被修饰词(宾语)之间是动宾关系,但与句子的主语有主谓关系。另外,不定式若是不及物动词时,应加上结构上或意义上所需要的介词。例如:Ihaveameetingtoattendtoday.Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?Shehadtofindaroomtolivein.Ihaveborrowedanoveltoreadduringthevacation.Ihaveseveralmodelsforyoutochoosefrom.但是如果不定式和主语之间没有这种主谓关系,则需要用不定式的被动形式。例如:I'mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?以上两句用不定式的被动形式作定语,表明you不是take/post动作的执行者。(2)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语+todo(作定语)。这时,不定式与被修饰词(直接宾语)之间是动宾关系,而与间接宾语之间有主谓关系。另外,不定式若为不及物动词时,应加上结构上或意义上所需要的介词。例如:Helentmesomebookstoread.Givemeapentowritewith.Helentmeapieceofpapertowriteon.(3)This/That)+be+名词+todo(作定语)。例如:Thisisaneasyquestiontoanswer.Thatisagoodplacetolivein.4(4)therebe+名词+todo(作定语)。此结构中,用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动形式,也可以用主动形式,在口语中用主动形式的时候更多一些。例如:Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).Therearestillmanydifficultiestoovercome(tobeovercome).但有时候用主动和被动可分别表示不同的意思:不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。试比较:Thereisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodo.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)Thereisnothingtosee.(nothingthatisworthseeing)Thereisnothingtobeseen.(nothingtherea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