成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA06

2019/9/121MasterBudgetingandResponsibilityAccountingCHAPTER62019/9/122StructureofLectureThemasterbudgetandexplainitsbenefitsDescribetheadvantageofbudgetsPreparetheoperatingbudgetanditssupportingschedulesUsecomputer-basedfinancialplanningmodelsinsensitivityanalysisExplainkaizenbudgetingandhowitisusedforcostmanagementDescriberesponsibilitycentresandresponsibilityaccountingExplainhowcontrollabilityrelatestoresponsibilityaccountingRecognizethehumanaspectsofbudgeting2019/9/123MasterBudgetAbudgetisthequantitativeexpressionofamanagement’splanforthefuture.P142(181)Italsoisanaidtocoordinatingactionsthatneedtobetakentoimplementtheplan.Effectivebudgetingintegratesthecompany’sstrategyintothebudgetprocess.2019/9/124MasterBudget,conts.Strategyspecifieshowanorganizationmatchesitsowncapabilitieswiththeopportunitiesinthemarketplacetoaccomplishitsobjectives.P142(182)Thepathtoeffectivestrategiesincludeaskingquestionssuchas:Whatareourobjectives?Howdowecreatevalueforthecustomerwhiledistinguishingourselvesfromourcompetitors?2019/9/125MasterBudget,conts.Thepathtoeffectivestrategiesincludeaskingquestionssuchas:P143(182)Arethemarketsforourproductslocal,regional,national,orglobal?Whatareourmarkettrends?Howareweaffectedbytheeconomy,ourindustry,andourcompetitors?Whatorganizationalandfinancialstructuresserveusbest?Whataretherisksandopportunitiesofalternativestrategies,andwhatareourcontingencyplansifourpreferredplanfails?2019/9/126MasterBudget,conts.Well-managedcompaniesusuallyfollowanannualbudgetcycleincludingthefollowingsteps:P143(182)Plantheperformanceofthecompanyasawholeandofthesubunitswithinthecompany.Seniormanagerscommunicatetosubordinatesasetofexpectationsagainstwhichperformancewillbemeasured.2019/9/127MasterBudget,conts.Well-managedcompaniesusuallyfollowanannualbudgetcycleincludingthefollowingsteps:P143(182)Managementaccountantsinvestigatevariationsfromplans,andcorrectiveactionmaybetaken.Managerialaccountantsandmanagerstakeintoaccountmarketfeedback,changedconditions,andtheirownexperiencesinmakingplansfortheupcomingperiod.2019/9/128MasterBudget,conts.P143(182)Strategy-plan-budget2019/9/129MasterBudget,conts.Themasterbudgetexpressesmanagement’soperatingandfinancialplansforaspecifiedperiod(usuallyayear).P144(183)Themasterbudgetisactuallyaseriesofbudgetsincludingasetofbudgetedfinancialstatements(sometimescalledproformastatements).2019/9/1210AdvantagesofBudgetsBudgetsareanintegralpartofmanagementcontrolsystems.Thereareatleastthreeadvantagesofbudgeting.P144(183)Promotecoordinationandcommunication.Coordinationisthemeshingandbalancingofallaspectsofproductioninacompanyinthebestwayforthecompanytomeetitsobjectives.Communicationismakingsurethosegoalsareunderstoodbyallemployees.2019/9/1211AdvantagesofBudgets,conts.Thereareatleastthreeadvantagesofbudgeting.P144(183)Budgetsserveasaframeworkforjudgingperformanceandfacilitatinglearning.Budgetinghelpsovercometwolimitationsofusingpastperformance.Pastresultsoftenincorporatepastmistakesandsubstandardperformance.Futureconditionscanbeexpectedtodifferfromthepast,budgetsaccountforthesechangedconditions.Budgetscanbeusedtomotivatemanagersandotheremployees.Studieshaveshownthatchallengingbudgetsimproveemployeeperformance.2019/9/1212AdvantagesofBudgets,conts.Despitethefactthatbudgetsareadvantageous,thereareanumberofchallengesinproperlyadministeringbudgets.Itisatimeconsumingprocessthatinvolvesalllevelsofmanagement.Managementatalllevelsshouldunderstandandsupportthebudget.Iftopmanagementsupportislacking,thebudgeteffortwillbelacklusterandhalfhearted.Budgetsshouldnotbeadministeredrigidly.Changingconditionsmaycallforchangesinplans.2019/9/1213PreparetheOperatingBudgetThebudgetingprocessincludesbothoperatingbudgetsandfinancialbudgets.P147(186)Operatingbudgetsincludebudgetsreflectingtheplannedoperationalaspectsofthebusiness,includingrevenues,production,manufacturingcosts,andotherexpensesfortheperiod.Itculminatesinabudgetedincomestatement.Financialbudgetsconsistofacapitalexpendituresbudget,acashbudget,abudgetedbalancesheet,andabudgetedstatementofcashflows.2019/9/12142019/9/1215PreparetheOperatingBudget,conts.thefollowingbasicstepsarecommonfordevelopingtheoperatingbudgetforamanufacturingcompany.P149(188)Step1:Thefirststepbudgettobepreparedistherevenuesbudget.Althoughthisbudgetlookssimple,thecompanyshouldputagreatamountoftimeintoconsiderationoftheprojectedsalesnumbers.2019/9/1216PreparetheOperatingBudget,conts.ExampleP149(188)Gatheringanddiscussionsamongsalesmanagersandsalesrepresentativesthroughcustomerresponsemanagement(CRM)Basedonexpecteddemandorthemaximumunitsthatcanbeproduced.Schedule1:RevenuesBudgetFortheYearEndingDecember31,2010UnitsSellingPriceTotalRevenuesCasual50,000$600$30,000,000Deluxe10,0008008,000,000Total$38,000,0002019/9/1217PreparetheOperatingBudget,conts.thefollowingbasicstepsarecommonfordevelopingtheoperatingbudgetforamanufacturingcompany.P150(188)Step2:Basedonthenumbersincludedintherevenuesbudget,thecompanycanthenpreparetheproductionbudget.Includedint