成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA16

2019/9/121CostAllocation:JointProductsandByproductsCHAPTER162019/9/122LearningobjectivesIdentifythesplitoffpointinajoint-costsituationDistinguishjointproductsfrombyproductsExplainwhyjointcostsareallocatedtoindividualproductsAllocatejointcostsusingfourmethodsExplainwhythesalesvalueatsplitoffmethodispreferredwhenallocatingjointcostsExplainwhyjointcostsareirrelevantinasell-or-process-furtherdecisionAccountforbyproductsusingtwomethods2019/9/123JointCostTerminologyJointCosts–costsofasingleproductionprocessthatyieldsmultipleproductssimultaneouslySplitoffPoint–theplaceinajointproductionprocesswheretwoormoreproductsbecomeseparatelyidentifiableSeparableCosts–allcostsincurredbeyondthesplitoffpointthatareassignabletoeachofthenow-identifiablespecificproducts2019/9/124ExampleofJointCoststituation2019/9/125ChartofJointCostTerminologySeparableCosts2019/9/126JointCostTerminology，conts.CategoriesofJointProcessOutputs:OutputswithapositivesalesvalueOutputswithazerosalesvalueProduct–anyoutputwithapositivesalesvalue,oranoutputthatenablesafirmtoavoidincurringcostsValuecanbehighorlow2019/9/127JointCostTerminology，conts.MainProduct–outputofajointproductionprocessthatyieldsoneproductwithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputs.P452(574)JointProducts–outputsofajointproductionprocessthatyieldstwoormoreproductswithahighsalesvaluecomparedtothesalesvaluesofanyotheroutputsByproducts–outputsofajointproductionprocessthathavelowsalesvaluescomparetothesalesvaluesoftheotheroutputs2019/9/128JointProcessFlowchartSingleProductionProcessJointProduct#1ByproductJointProduct#2Steam:AnOutputwithZeroSalesValue2019/9/129ReasonsforAllocatingJointCostsDeterminationofinventoriablecostsandcostofgoodssoldforexternalfinancialreportingandincometaxdetermination.Determinationofinventoriablecostsandcostofgoodssoldforinternalreportingpurposessuchasdivisionprofitabilityanalysis.Costreimbursementwhenacompanyhascost-reimbursementcontractsaswithagovernmentalagency.2019/9/1210JointCostAllocationMethodsPhysicalMeasures–allocateusingtangibleattributesoftheproducts,suchaspounds,gallons,barrels,etc.Market-Based–allocateusingmarket-deriveddata(dollars):SalesvalueatsplitoffNetRealizableValue(NRV)ConstantGross-MarginpercentageNRV2019/9/1211SalesValueatSplitoffMethodUsesthesalesvalueoftheentireproductionoftheaccountingperiodtocalculateallocationpercentageIgnoresinventories2019/9/1212Examplep454(576)2019/9/1213JointCostIllustrationOverview2019/9/1214SalesValueatSplitoffExample2019/9/1215SalesValueatSplitoffExample20.375000240000:40.625000160000:cosint)3(240000300000200000300000400000:160000300000200000200000400000:cosint)2(300000475000:200000825000:int)1(skimliquidcreamgallonpertproductionjoskimliquidcreamallocatedtjoskimliquidcreamposplitoffatproductiontatalofvaluesales　2019/9/1216Physical-MeasureMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsonthebasisoftherelativeweight,volume,orotherphysicalmeasureatthesplitoffpointoftotalproductionoftheproductsp455(577)2019/9/1217Physical-MeasureExamplep456(578)2019/9/1218Physical-MeasureExample00.475000300000:00.425000100000:cosint)3(300000750002500075000400000:100000750002500025000400000:cosint)2(75000:25000:)1(skimliquidcreamgallonpertproductionjoskimliquidcreamallocatedtjoskimliquidcreamproductiontatalofmeasurephysical　2019/9/1219NetRealizableValueMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsonthebasisofrelativeNRVoftotalproductionofthejointproductsNRV=FinalSalesValue–SeparableCosts2019/9/1220NRVExamplep457(579)2019/9/1221NRVExample，conts.2019/9/1222NRVExample，conts.2019/9/1223NRVExample，conts.20.1650000)520000290000(:50.1920000)280000110000(:cos)3(290000580000220000220000400000:110000580000220000220000400000:cosint)2(5800005200002250000:2200002800002520000:)1(milkcondensedmbuttercreagallonpertproductionmilkcondensedmbuttercreaallocatedtjomilkcondensedmbuttercreaNRV　2019/9/1224ConstantGrossMarginNRVMethodAllocatesjointcoststojointproductsinawaythattheoverallgross-marginpercentageisidenticalfortheindividualproductsJointCostsarecalculatedasaresidualamount2019/9/12252019/9/1226ConstantGrossMarginNRVExample305000520000825000:95000280000375000:cosint)3(825000%)251()2250000(:375000%)251()2520000(:cos)2(%2522500002520000)520000280000400000()22500002520000(arg)1(milkcondensedmbuttercreaallocatedtjomilkcondensedmbuttercreatproductiontotalNRVinmgross2019/9/1227MethodSelectionIfsellingpriceatsplitoffisavailable,usetheSalesValueatSplitoffMethod.p459(581)Ifsellingpriceatsplitoffisnotavailable,usetheNRVMethodIfsimplicityistheprimaryconsideration,Physical-MeasuresMethodortheConstantGross-MarginMethodcouldbeusedDespitethis,somefirmschoosenottoallocatejointcostsatall2019/9/1228Sell-or-ProcessFurtherFlowchartSingleProductionProcessJointProduct#1JointProduct#2FurtherProcessingDept1FurtherProcessingDept2FinalProduct#1FinalProduct#22019/9/1229Sell-or-ProcessFurtherDecisionsInSell-or-ProcessFurtherdecisions,jointcostsareirrelevant.Jointproductshavebeen