Deconstruction

Deconstruction•1.JacquesDerrida•2.AmericandeconstructionWhatisDeconstruction?•Deconcstructionismasappliedinthecriticismofliterature,designatesatheoryandpracticeofreadingwhichquestionsandclaimstosubvertorunderminetheassumptionthatthesystemoflanguageprovidesgroundsthatareadequatetoestablishtheboundaries,thecoherenceorunity,andthedeterminatemeaningsofaliterarytext.IntroductiontoDeconstruction•Attheendof19thcentury,Nietzsche(1884--1990,aGermanphilosopher),inhisworkThusSpakeZarathustra,proclaimsthedeathofGod,simultaneouslycallsforrevaluationofallvalues.•WorldWarsⅠandⅡ,adeclineintheinfluenceofChristianityandindividualism,andanewgroupoftheologiansseektodiscoverultimatereality.•In1966,Derridashowedhispaper“Structure,Sign,andPlayintheDiscourseoftheHumanScience”ataJohnsHopkinsUniversitysymposium（座谈会）andthenquestionedanddisputedthemetaphysicalassumptionsheldtobetruebyWesternphilosophysincePlato.Subsequently,deconstruction,themoreintricateandchallengingmethodoftextualanalysisappeared.IntroductiontoDeconstruction•1、20世纪60年代法国哲学学家德里达。•1966：在美国做《人类科学话语中的结构：符号和游戏》的著名演讲，是解构主义的奠基之作。•1967：《论文字学》、《文字与差异》和《语音与现象》出版，系统提出了自己的解构主义思想。•2、美国的“耶鲁四人帮”：•米勒：《小说与重复》•布鲁姆：《误读的地图》•德曼：《盲视与洞见》和《阅读的寓言》•哈特曼《超越形式主义》《阅读的命运》•在20世纪60—80年代，解构主义逐渐在美国学术界占主导地位•3、之后，解构主义波及哲学、神学、文学、艺术等所有的领域，对人类的思维模式、观念、文化等产生巨大的冲击，成为影响全球的思想文化潮流。•西方马克思主义、女权主义、接受美学、后殖民主义等的兴起，都从不同侧面反映了这一趋势。解构主义批评理论•德里达：“解构”不是哲学、诗、神学等意识形态方面的术语。而是牵涉到意义、惯例、法律、权威、价值等等最终有没有可能的问题。•突出表现出反权威、反传统和反理性倾向。•为了反对形而上学、逻各斯中心、乃至一切封闭僵硬的体系，解构运动大力宣扬主体消散、意义延异、能指自由。换言之，它强调语言和思想的自由嬉戏，哪怕这种自由仅是一曲“带着脚镣的舞蹈”。除了它天生的叛逆品格，解构主义又是一种自相矛盾的理论。用德里达的话说，解构主义并非一种在场，而是一种迹踪。它难以限定，无形无踪，却又无时无处不在。换言之，解构主义一旦被定义，或被确定是什么，它本身随之就会被解构。解构的两大基本特征分别是开放和无终止性。解构一句话，一个命题或一种传统信念，就是通过对其中修辞手法的分析，来破坏它所声称的哲学基础和它所依赖的等级对立。JacquesDerrida•JacquesDerrida(1930-2004),aleadingfigureinthehistoryofmodernphilosophyandtheprimemoverofpoststructuralismordeconstruction,wasborninaJewishfamilyinAlaiers.•Works:MarginsofPhilosophy(1972),Positions(1972),Glas(1974),andThePostCard(1980).•DerridaborrowsthebasisofandthestartingpointforhisdeconstructivestrategyfromtheschoolofStructuralism.•Hearguedthatatextcannothaveanysinglemeaning,certainlynotameaningthatthewriterinvestsinit.•Asmentionedabove,hisargumentputinquestionthebasicmataphysicalassumptionsofWesternphilosophysincePlato.•Thenotionof'structure',heargues,evenin'structuralist'theoryhasalwayspresupposeda'centre'ofmeaningofsomesort.Thiscentergovernsthestructurebutisitselfnotsubjecttostructuralanalysis(tofindthestructureofthecenterwouldbetofindanothercanter).Peopledesireacenterbecauseitguaranteesbeingaspresence.•Westernthoughthasdevelopedinnumerabletermswhichoperateascentringprinciples:being,essence,substance,truth,form,beginning,end,purpose,consciousness,man,Godandsoon.ItisimportanttonotethatDerridadoesnotassertthepossibilityofthinkingoutsidesuchterms；anyattempttoundoaparticularconceptistobecomecaughtupinthetermswhichtheconceptdependson.•Thedisireforacenteriscalled'logocentrism'.Logocentrism(逻各斯中心主义）•'Logos'(Greekfor'word')isatermwhichintheNewTestamentcarriesthegreatestpossibleconcentrationofpresence:'InthebeginningwastheWord.'Beingtheoriginofallthings,the'Word'underwritesthefullpresenceoftheworld;everythingistheeffectofthisonecause.EventhoughtheBibleiswritten,God'swordisessentiallyspoken.Aspokenwordemittedfromalivingbodyappearstobeclosertoanoriginatingthoughtthanawrittenword.Derridaarguesthatthisprivilegingofspeechoverwriting(hecallsit'phonocentrism')isaclassicfeatureoflogocentrism.Logocentrism(逻各斯中心主义）•Logocentrism:thebeliefthatthereisanultimaterealityorcenteroftruththatcanserveasthebasisforallourthoughtsandactions.•Sincetheestablishingofonecenterofunityaccordinglymeansthatanotherisde-center,DerridaconcludesitBinaryOppositions,foreachother,thereexistsanopposingcenter.（God/humankind）Différance（异延）•Whatpreventsthesignfrombeingafullpresence?Derridainventstheterm'différance'toconveythedividednatureofthesign.InFrench,the'a'in'différance'isnotheard,andsowehearonly'différence'.Theambiguityisperceptibleonlyinwriting:theverb'différer'meansboth'todiffer'(区别）and'todefer'（延迟）.•①To'differ'isaspatialconcept:thesignemergesfromasystemofdifferenceswhicharespacedoutwithinthesystem.•②'defer'istemporal:signifiersenforceanendlesspostponementof'presence'.•Phonocentricthoughtignores'differance'andinsistsupontheselfpresenceofthespokenword.•德里达说，延异既非一个概念，亦非一个单词，它本身就是一个杜撰之词。在法语中，difference和differance两者的发音相同。如要区分它们，我们必须借助文字拼写上的差异，这本身就是对言语优于文字的逻各斯主义论点的极好讽刺。•关于延异，德里达有个生动比喻，说它就像一把扎束的花，其中有着“复杂的组织结构，不同的花枝和不同的词意，各自朝不同的方向散漫开去。与此同时，每一枝花又与其它花枝或意义紧密联系，形成一种交错结构。”Phonocentrism•Phonocentrismtreatswritingasacontaminatedformofspeech.•Speechseemsnearertooriginatingthought.Whenwehearspeechweattributetoita'presence'whichwetaketobelackinginwriting.Thespeechofthegreatactor,orator,orpoliticianisthoughttopossess'presence';itincarnatesthespeaker'ssoul.•Writingseemsrelativelyimpureandobtrudesitsownsysteminsysteminphysicalmarkswhichhavearelativepermanence;writingcanberepeated(printed,reprinted,andsoon)andthisrepetitioninvitesinterpretationitisusuallyinwrittenform.•Thiscoupl