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英语语法复习专题英语句子概论一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要:主语和谓语；次要:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。1.句子的成分主语:(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdoftheearthiscoveredbyoceanwater.4.Toswimintheriverisdangerous.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）7.Whenwearegoingtohavethesummerholidayhasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）***不定式（todo…）,动名词（doing…）,从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.Thetouristsputupatent.2、复合谓语：（1）由“情态动词+V原”。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由“1.be+Ving（进行时态）2.be+Ved（被动语态）3.will/begoingto+V原（将来时态）4.have/has+Ved（完成时态）”。如：Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtsomefishinthesea.宾语：（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。（1）由“及物动词+宾”。如：Yourwordsinfluencedmymind.（2）由“不及物动词+介词+宾”。如：Youshouldn’tlaughatdisabledchildren.Hehasalreadycaughtupwithhisclassmates.***名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句可以作宾语例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Herefusedtotakehisteacher’sadvice.5.Iwonderifyouhaveseenhisalbum.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）从句（不定式）6.Theyhelpedtheoldmanwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.7.Hepretendednottoseeme.8.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.9.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.10.Heaskedwherehisdictionarywas.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语sb.+直接宾语sth.），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.for:leave,buy,choose,cook,draw,find,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，它们有逻辑上的主谓关系。常接复合宾语的动词有：name;call,tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make，get等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）表语(Predicative)•用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。•表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）“系动词+表语”的结构1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，（即：be+表语）例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状或态度，主要有keep,remain,continue,stay,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,例如：Theriverwasbeginningtoturndry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2--4个基本成分。定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语.定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Tomisaboywholikesmusicverymuch.*常作定语的有“代词、形容词、分词、不定式、从句、介词短语”（形容词）（分词）（名词）（代词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）（从句）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当．状语种类如下：WeshouldeatsafelyandhealthilyHowaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式状语Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随状语Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的状语Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.结果状语Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.让步状语Iamtallerthanheis.比较状语*1.多个时间状语和地点状语:“小的在前，大的在后。”2.既有时间状语又有地点状语：“地点在前、时间在后”同位语:对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释.ThatisMr.Chen,ourEnglishteacher.插入语:对一句话作一些附加的解释.Tobehonest,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分。LastweekIwenttothesupermarket.LastweekIwenttothesupermarket.状主谓状Theplaywasveryinteresting.Theplaywasveryinteresting.主系状表Ican’thearaword.Ican’thearaword.主谓宾Theyweretalkingloudly.Theyweretalkingloudly.主谓状分析句子成分ItwasSunday.ItwasSunday.主系表InevergetupearlyonSundays.InevergetupearlyonSundays.主状谓状状Ilookedattheyoungmanandtheyoungwomanangrily.Ilookedattheyoungmanandthe主谓宾youngwomanangrily.宾状Ireadafewlines,butIdidn’tunderstandaword.Ireadafewlines,butIdidn’t主谓定宾连主谓understandaword.谓宾Myholidayspassedquickly,butIdidn’tsendcardstomyfriends.Myholidayspassedquickly,butI主谓状连主didn’tsendcardstomyfriends.谓宾状Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.主谓状连谓定宾HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.Heisworkingforabig