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习语的翻译策略四字格的翻译策略三、习语汉译英习语的范围1.成语:“人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”现汉（陈文伯）setphrases;idioms2.惯用语：idioms3.俗语:“通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语”sayings4.谚语:“在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”现汉proverbs5.歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-partallegoricalsayings6.格言警句:maxim习语的特点习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？第三点对译者的要求是什么？第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。习语翻译的指导思想“直译基础上的意译”陆殿扬：“Translateliterally,ifpossible,or,appealtofreetranslation.”(如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）奈达：功能对等（FunctionalEquivalence:notonlytheequivalentcontentofmessage,but,insofaraspossible,anequivalenceoftheform);改变形式的五个条件直译会导致意义上的错误时；引入外来语形成语义空白（SemanticZero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时；形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时；形式对等引起作者原意所没有的歧义时；形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。习语汉译英的原则形象性原则简练性原则不可滥用字面意义直译法尽量少用意译法和直译加注法习语翻译的基本方法1.直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色2.同义习语借用法:有些习语在内容形式和色彩上都符合,可借用3.意译法:无法直译,也无法借用时,则意译4.直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法5.省略法:四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时,只需译出一部分或只译其意义,可以不考虑重叠的部分。6.增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中增添一些说明。7.还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。8.直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。9.粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。1.直译法:保留原习语形象(异化)纸老虎papertiger走狗runningdog丢脸loseface和风细雨asmildasadrizzleandasgentleasabreeze槁木死灰witheredwoodorcoldashes跑了和尚跑不了庙Themonkmayrunaway,butthetemplecan’trunaway.竹篮打水一场空drawingwaterinabamboobasket剖腹藏珠cutopenyourstomachtohideapearl外强中干Outwardlystrongbutinwardlyweak礼尚往来Courtesyrequiresreciprocity(互惠）前怕老虎后怕狼Fearofthewolfinfrontandthetigerbehind刻骨铭心Tobeengravedonone’sheartandbones引狼入室Toleadawolfintothehouse重见天日Toseethedaylightagain百川归海Allriversflowtothesea.画饼充饥Todrawcakestoallay减轻hunger口蜜腹剑Tobehoney-mouthedanddagger-hearted声东击西Toshoutintheeastandstrikeinthewest城门失火,殃及池鱼Afireonthecitywallbringsdisastertothefishinthemoat壕沟,护城河.路遥知马力,日久见人心Asalongroadtestsahorse’sstrength,soalongtaskprovesaperson’sheart.初生牛犊不怕虎New-borncalvesmakelittleoftigers.明枪易躲,暗箭难防Itiseasytododge[dɔdʒ]躲避aspearintheopen,buthardtoguardagainstanarrowshotfrombehind.不能直译的习语眉飞色舞死译：Hiseyebrowsareflyingandhiscountenanceisdancing改译：Tobeamwithjoy粗枝大叶WithbigbranchesandbroadleavesTobecrude（rough，coarse）andcareless无孔不入TogetintoeveryholeTotakeadvantageofeveryweakness扬眉吐气ToraisetheeyebrowandletoutabreathTofeelproudandelated兴高采烈的•灯红酒绿•Withredlightsandgreenwine•Dissipated沉迷于酒色的andluxurious奢侈的•纸醉金迷•Withdrunkenpaperandbewitched蛊惑,使着迷gold•(alifeof)luxuryanddissipation•开门见山•Toopenthedoorandseethemountain•Tocomestraighttothepoint•单枪匹马•Withasolitaryspearandasinglehorse•Tobesingle-handedindoingsth.•大张旗鼓•Tomakeagreatarrayofflagsanddrums•Onalargeandspectacular壮观的scale•海阔天空•Withavastseaandaboundlesssky•(Totalk)atrandom•风雨飘摇•Thewindandrainarerocking•(ofasituation)beingunstable2.同义习语借用法:归化1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致,“心有灵犀一点通”的习语,可“自然归化”混水摸鱼tofishintroubledwater火上浇油toaddfueltooil空中楼阁castlesintheair趁热打铁Strikewhiletheironishot.沧海一粟adropintheocean覆水难收nousecryingoverspiltmilk狐假虎威assinthelion’sskin养虎为患towarmasnakeinone’sbosom['buzəm]本末倒置toputthecartbeforethehorse眼中钉,肉中刺athornintheflesh隔墙有耳Wallshaveears.赴汤蹈火gothroughfireandwater过河拆桥kickdowntheladder格格不入belikesquarepegs支柱inroundholes乳臭未干bewetbehindtheears魂不附体jumpoutofone’sskin2)形象不同,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。小题大做makeamountainoutofamolehill鼹鼠丘（可借用）班门弄斧：toteachafishtoswim（可借用）谋事在人，成事在天Manproposes,Goddisposes.清除（不可借用）3)不借用形象或比喻的,可放心借用迂回曲折twistsandturns断断续续offandon乱七八糟atsixesandsevens挖空心思torackone’sbrains针锋相对togivetitfortat归化？异化？你来选择竭泽而渔TodrainapondtocatchallthefishKillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs打草惊蛇TostirupthegrassandalertthesnakeWakeasleepingdog易如反掌Aseasyasturningoverone’shandAseasyasfallingoffalog•掌上明珠•Apearlinthepalm•Theappleofone’seye•守口如瓶•Tokeepone’smouthclosedlikeabottle•Tokeepastilltongueinone’shead•雪中送炭•Tosendcharcoalinsnowyweather•Tohelpalamedogoverstile横路栅栏•画蛇添足•Todrawasnakeandaddfeettoit•Topaintthelily3.意译法:牺牲形象,割舍文化因子胸有成竹Tohaveawell-thought-out经过周详之考虑的planbeforedoingsth桃李满天下Tohavestudentsallovertheworld叶公好龙Professedloveofwhatonereallyfears东施效颦Crudeimitationwithludicrous荒谬的effect南柯一梦Afonddreamorillusoryjoy四面楚歌Tobebesiegedonallsides悬梁刺股Tobeextremelyhard-workinginone’sstudies初出茅庐Atthebeginningofone’scareer罄竹难书(ofcrimes)toonumeroustomention倾城倾国Tobeextremelybeautiful辎珠必较Tohaggleovereverypenny毛遂自荐Tovolunteerone’sservice4.直译兼意译无亲无故withoutasinglerelativeorfriendtohelpherout斩草除根pluckuptheevilbytheroots风餐露宿bravingthewindanddew贼眉鼠眼tobehavestealthily悄悄地likeathief辗转反侧totossandturnrestlessly跃跃欲试eagertohaveatry狼吞虎咽towolfsth.Down5.省略法能工巧匠skilledcraftsman称兄道弟tocalleachotherbrothers赤手空拳tobebare-handed自吹自擂toblowone’sowntrumpets心慈手软soft-hearted安家落户tomakeone’shome抛头露面tomakeone’sownappearance愁眉苦脸topullonalongface长吁短叹Sighingdeeply千真万确Quitetrue油嘴滑舌Glib能说善道的,圆滑的tongue断子绝孙mayyoudiesonless.mayyoubethelastofyourline沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。Herbeautywouldputtheflowerstoshame.6.增添法树倒猢狲散Oncethetreefalls,themonkeysonitwillfleehelter-shelter.(慌慌张张）借香敬佛borrowingjoss-sticks线香fromaneighborandburningthembeforeBuddhaforyourownsake.惊弓之鸟Abirdstarteldbythemeretwang弦声ofabow-string螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后Themantisstalksthecicada,unawareoftheoriolelurki