道桥专业英语(一)

道路与桥梁工程专业英语第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？二.为什么要学习专业英语（why）？三.怎么样学习专业英语（how）？第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？1、概念专业英语：Englishforspecialpurpose,简称ESP。专业：针对相应专业知识，专业术语，专业常识，所以应以专业知识理论为基础。英语：国际语言，便于交流，包括学术交流、文献参阅、文章撰写等。第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.1语言特点语言简练，表达明确，不重润饰Theshoulderwidthofurbanandruralfreewaysisdependentuponthenumberoflanesofthefacility.Therightsideshoulderforbothurbanandruralfreewaysshallbe10feet.Thiswidthallowsforemergencyparkingofvehiclesontherighthandshoulder.Theleftsideshoulderisdependentonthenumberoffreewaylanes.第一讲一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.1语言特点逻辑严谨，概念清晰，关系分明Asphaltiscalledabituminousmaterialbecauseitcontainsbitumen,ahydrocarbonmaterialsolubleincarbondisulfate(一个易溶于二硫化碳烃类物质).Thetar(焦油）obtainedfromthedestructivedistillationofsoftcoalalsocontainsbitumen.Bothpetroleumasphaltandcoaltararereferredtoasbituminousmaterials.第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It…结构Itisimportant,though,todesignfreeways,urbanandrural,thatprovideaconsistentroadwayfordrivers.第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点多用被动结构Afreewaymaybedefinedasadividedhighwayfacilityhavingtwoormorelanesfortheexclusiveuseoftrafficineachdirectionandfullcontrolofaccessandegress.高速公路可定义为每个方向具有两条或两条以上汽车专用车道，并且进出口完全控制的被分隔的公路设施。第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点多用动词非谓语结构Ingeneral,thedesignspeedoffreewaysshouldbesimilartothedesiredrunningspeedduringoffpeakhours,keepinginmindareasonableandprudentspeed.第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点祈使语句和公式化表达方式在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assumethat…，Supposethat…，Let…等祈使语气表达方式。So,nextletuslookathowtouseSYNCHROtodosignaltimingandsimulationwork.因此，接下来让我们看看如何使用SYNCHRO来进行信号配时和交通仿真工作。第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点条件句较多条件句多用于条件论述、理论分析和公式推导中，最常用的是If…语句。Thehugeinvestmentinthehighwayinfrastructurewillbeerasedquicklyifpropermaintenanceandrehabilitationproceduresareenforcedandfunded.若合理的养护和修护计划得以资助并实施，就可迅速取消用于公路基础建设的巨大投资。第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点多用长句Oneoftheeffectsofoxidationisthatthebinderlosesflexibilityandthereforebecomesharderandmoresusceptibletotheabrasiveeffectsoftraffic;anoxidizedbinderisthuslikelytowearawayinpreferencetoparticlesofcoarseaggregatesetinthesurface,allowingthechippingstoprotrudefromthesurfaceandimprovetheskiddingresistance.第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点省略句较多为了简洁，有时省略掉句子中的一些成分，如状语从句中的主语和谓语、定语从句中的关联词which或that,从句中的助动词等。Ifnotwellmanaged,theprocedureforconstructionmaybemoreexpensive.如果管理不善，这一施工方法还可能更费钱。常见的省略（状语从句中的主语和谓语的）句型有：Asalreadydiscussed前已讨论Ifpossible如果可能的话Asdescribedabove如前所述Ifso倘若如此Asexplainedbefore前已解释Whennecessary必要时AsindicatedinFig.1如图1所示Whenneeded需要时Aspreviouslymentioned前已述及Wherefeasible在实际可行的场合Ifnecessary如果必要的话Wherepossible在可能的情况下第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.2语法特点大量使用名词化结构名词化特点主要是指在专业文献中广泛使用能表示动作和状态的名词，或是起名词作用的非限定动词。Intheinitialstagesofroaddesignitisusualforseveralalternativerouteproposalstobeconsideredbutonlyoutlinedetailsofroadcenterlinesandestimatesofspeedsandflowsareavailable.在道路设计的初始阶段，通常有多种备选的路线方案需要考虑，但这时只有道路中线的概要数据和车速及流量的预测值。第一讲绪论一.专业英语是什么（what）？2、特点2.3词汇特点专业词汇2.4结构特点每一自然段落中，总有一个语句概括出该段落的重点。这个语句或在段落之首，或在段落之尾，较少出现在段落中间。若干个自然段会形成一个逻辑（或结构）段落，用以从不同角度来解说某一层面的核心内容。全篇则由若干个逻辑段落组成，从不同层面来阐述文章标题所标明的中心思想。实际上，专业文献中通常采用的标题、子标题、编号等形式，就是对文章结构的逻辑划分Highwayengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinebranchingfromcivilengineeringwhichinvolvesthedesign,constructionandmaintenanceofhighwaysystems.Highwayengineeringbecameprominenttowardsthelatterhalfofthe20thCenturyafterWorldWar2.Standardsofhighwayengineeringarecontinuouslybeingimproved.Highwayengineersmusttakeintoaccountfuturetrafficflows,designofhighwayintersections/interchanges,geometricalignmentanddesign,highwaypavementmaterialsanddesign,structuraldesignofpavementthickness,andpavementmaintenance.Mostdevelopednationshaveextensivehighwaynetworks.Themostappropriatelocation,alignment,andshapeofahighwayareselectedduringthedesignstage.Highwaydesigninvolvestheconsiderationofthreemajorfactors(human,vehicular,androadway)andhowthesefactorsinteracttoprovideasafehighway.Humanfactorsincludereactiontimeforbrakingandsteering,visualacuityfortrafficsignsandsignals,andcar-followingbehavior.Vehicleconsiderationsincludevehiclesizeanddynamicsthatareessentialfordetermininglanewidthandmaximumslopes,andfortheselectionofdesignvehicles.Highwayengineersdesignroadgeometrytoensurestabilityofvehicleswhennegotiatingcurvesandgradesandtoprovideadequatesightdistancesforundertakingpassingmaneuversalongcurvesontwo-lane,two-wayroads.vehicledynamics–汽车的动力lanewidth—车道宽度maximumslopes——最大纵坡度designvehicles——设计车辆designvehicles——视距two-lane,two-wayroads——双向双车道道路GeometricDesignHighwayandtransportationengineersmustmeetmanysafety,service,andperformancestandardswhendesigninghighwaysforcertainsitetopography.Highwaygeometricdesignprimarilyreferstothevisibleelementsofthehighways.Highwayengineerswhodesignthegeometryofhighwaysmustalsoconsiderenvironmentalandsocialeffectsofthedesignonthesurroundinginfrastructure（基础设施）.GeometricDesignTherearecertainconsiderationsthatmustbeproperlyaddressedinthedesignprocesstosuccessfullyfitahighwaytoasite’stopographyandmaintainitssafety.SomeofthesedesignconsiderationsincludeDesig