第十六章直接引语和间接引语1.陈述句的间接引语2.疑问句的间接引语3.祈使句的间接引语4.感叹句的间接引语5.混合句型的间接引语1陈述句的间接引语直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,要用从属连词that来引导(that在口语中可省去),并且要注意下列变化:1.1时态的变化(1)如果引述动词为现在时,则间接引语中的动词保持原来时态不变。例如:Shesays,“Tomworkshard.”→ShesaysTomworkshard.她说汤姆工作努力。Mr.Lisays,“IhavebeenaTVpresenterforyears.”→Mr.Wangsaysthathehasbeenateacherfortenyears.李先生说他当节目主持人已经多年了。(2)引述动词若为过去时,间接引语中的时态除过去完成(进行)时不需要改变以外,其他都要作相应的变化,规则如下:直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时将来进行时过去将来进行时过去进行时过去完成进行时(或不变)例如:Kathysaid,“I’llpickyouupatnine.”→Kathysaidshewouldpickmeupatnine.凯西说她九点钟开车来接我。Hesaid,“Ifinishedwritingmyessayyesterday.”→Hesaidhehadfinishedwritinghisessaythedaybefore.他说他前一天把文章写完了。Robertsaid,“IwasjokingwithMary.”→Robertsaidhehadbeenjoking/wasjokingwithMary.罗伯特说他在和玛丽开玩笑。(3)如果引语为客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯动作以及格言时,尽管引述动词为过去时,间接引语中动词时态却不需改变。例如“Theearthmovesaroundthesun,”theirteachertoldthem.→Theirteachertoldthemthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.老师告诉他们地球绕着太阳转动。(4)虚拟过去时如位于wish,wouldrather/sooner和itistime等之后,在间接引语中保持不变。例如:Shesaid,“Itistimewewenthome.”→Shesaiditwastimetheywenthome.她说他们该回家了。(5)直接引语中如果有具体表示过去的时间状语,变为间接引语时,时态可以不变。例如:“Ijoinedthearmyin1998,”hesaid.→Hesaidthathejoinedthearmyin1998.他说他是1998年参军的。(6)直接引语中动词所表示的情况仍然存在和进行,其时态在间接引语中可以不变。例如:“I’msix,”thegirlsaid.→Thegirlsaidthatsheissix.那女孩说她6岁。(现在还是6岁)(7)过去完成(进行)式仍为过去完成(进行)式,不需改变。例如:Hesaid,“Wehadn’treturnedtotheschoolwhenshecame.”→Hesaidtheyhadn’treturnedtotheschoolwhenshecame.他说当她来的时候,他们还没回学校。”1.2人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化(1)人称代词,除引述本人的原话外,通常第一、第二人称变为第三人称。例如:“I’vebrokenourwindow.”shesaid.→Shesaysshehasbrokentheirwindow.她说她把窗户打破了。(2)指示代词this和these分别变为it和they/them或that和those/the。例如:Hesaid,“Wewilldiscussthisquestiontomorrow.”→Hesaidthattheywoulddiscussitthenextday.他说他们第二天将讨论这个问题。”(3)时间状语和地点状语的变化Hesaid,“Itwascompletedayearago.”→Hesaidithadbeencompletedayearbefore.他说那在一年前就完成了。时间、地点状语的变化可以参看下表:直接引语间接引语todaythatdaythismorning/afternoonetc.thatmorning/afternoonetc.yesterdaythedaybefore,thepreviousdaythedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforetomorrowthefollowingday/thenextdaytonightthatnightthedayaftertomorrowtwodaysafter/intwodays’timenextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.thefollowingweek/monthlastweek/month,etc.theweek/monthbeforethepreviousweek/monthnowthentwo/three…daysagotwo/three…daysbeforeheretherethisplacethatplacetheseplacesthoseplaces2疑问句的间接引语疑问句变为间接引语时,要注意将疑问语序变为陈述语序。引述动词通常为ask,wonder,wanttoknow等。(1)由一般疑问句、选择疑问句或附加疑问句转换的间接引语通常由whether或if引导。例如:Motherasked,“Doyoureallywanttogoabroad?”→Motheraskedwhether/ifIwantedtogoabroad.母亲问我是否真的想去国外。Jimaskedme,“DoyoulikeChinesefoodorwesternfood?”→JimaskedmewhetherIlikedChinesefoodorwesternfood.吉姆问我喜欢中餐还是西餐。(2)如果引述特殊疑问句时,必须将疑问词保留,疑问语序改为陈述语序。例如:“Whatdoyouthinkofit?”heasked.→HewantedtoknowwhatIthoughtofit.他想知道我对此事的想法。(3)有些句子虽然是疑问句形式,但并非真正提出询问,而是表示请求、劝告、建议等意义。引述此类句子时要根据其本身意义采取不同的形式。例如:“Canyougetupabitearlier?”thedoctorasked.→Thedoctorasked/advisedhimtogetupabitearlier.医生劝他早点起床。3祈使句的间接引语(1)引述祈使句通常用“动词+宾语(+not)+不定式”结构。常见的引述动词有ask,beg,tell,urge,warn,remind,advise,invite,order等。例如:“Pleasegivemesomebooks.”hebegged.→Hebeggedmetogivehimsomebooks.他请求我给他一些书。(2)引述表示建议、劝告的祈使句时,可以用“suggest+动名词”或“suggest/say+that分句”结构。例如:Shesaid,“Let’sleavetheluggageatthestation.”→Shesuggestedleavingtheluggageatthestation.她建议把行李放在车站。→Shesuggestedthatthey/we(should)leavetheluggageatthestation.她建议他们(我们)应该把行李放在车站。4感叹句的间接引语在引述感叹句的间接引语时,一般有下列两种形式:(1)保留引导词how或what,或者改为陈述句(以that为引导词)。例如:“Whatabeautifulsight!”→Heremarkedwhatabeautifulsightitwas.Heremarkedthatitwasabeautifulsight.他说这风景好美。(2)可以根据句子的原意进行以改写,使之变为具有相当含义的陈述句。例如:“Hello!”→Hegreetedme.他向我打招呼。“Happyjourney!”→Hewishedmeahappyjourney.他祝我旅途愉快。5混合句型的间接引语如果各类句子混杂使用,在引述时,除了需要遵守上述有关变化规则外,还要在保留原句意思的前提下,适当调整句子的结构,或增减一些词语,甚至改变说法,以保持句子的连贯。例如:“Hetoldme,“Doyouwantmyhorse?Oh,whatahorseIhave,thefinestinRedChina!Ihaveverygoodphotosandtheyareallyours.”→HeaskedwhetherIwantedhishorseandremarkedwithadmirationthathehadthefinesthorseinRedChina.Healsotoldmehehadverygoodphotosandtheywereallmine.他问我要他的马吗,并赞叹地说他的马是红色中国最好的马匹。他还告诉我他有些很好的照片,全都可以归我所有。练习答案与解析1.C“失败是成功之母”是一条真理,因此在任何情况下都要用一般现在时。2.Asuggest引导宾语从句,从句动词要用虚拟式。此处go之前省略了should。3.B完成作业发生在Jane告诉我之前,所以用完成时。前面用了told,后面必须用hadfinished。4.A间接引语前后时态一致且语序为正常语序。5.DA和B错误,用ask,应为askedwhyIdidn’tquitthatjob;C选项应为suggestedthatI(should)quitthatjob6.AShallIdo…是一种委婉的请求,与A选项对应。7.Dtellsb.todosth.的否定式为tellsb.nottodosth.8.C直接引语中如果有具体表示过去的时间状语,变为间接引语时,时态可以不变。in1985是一个过去的时间,入党应用jointheParty。9.B本题考查感叹句的间接引语10.Ccallsb.sth叫/称某人是……