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1.SpecialSentencePatterns2.RhetoricChapterI.C-ESentenceTranslationI.ComparisonbetweenC&ESentences1.Definition2.CommonSentenceStructuresTC&SVO3.ComparisonofStructuralFeaturesSVagreementSVclosenessV3featuresChapterI.C-ESentenceTranslationII.SpecialSentencePatterns特色句型1.SentenceExpansioninChinese1.1.句首开放的句子eg:坐，请坐，请上座。茶，上茶，上好茶。-译法-a.译为同位语：eg:黄的，那是土，未开垦的处女土，几十万年前由伟大的自然力所堆积成的黄土高原的外壳。Yellowistheoil–theuncultivatedvirginsoil.ItistheoutercoveringoftheloessplateauaccumulatedbyMotherNatureseveralhundredthousandyearsago.b.译为两句eg:那就是白杨树，西北极为普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树！Therearewhitepoplars.ThoughverycommoninNorthwestChina,theyarenoordinarytrees!1.2多动词句子译法a.译为并列句三个动作按动作先后顺序：Xhappens,andYhappens,andthenZhappens.b.译为复合句多个动作常用句型：WhenXhappens,Yhappens,thus/so/thereforeZhappens.eg:多数情况下，这几部分是按自然顺序排列的，有时，也可以颠倒过来，先讲故事的结尾，然后再讲开头和中间。Mostoftenthesepartsarearrangedintheirnaturalorder.Onoccasiontheymaybeinverted,sothatthestoryopenswiththeendandthenturnsbacktothebeginningandmiddle.ChapterI.C-ESentenceTranslationII.SpecialSentencePatterns特色句型2.Hypotaxis&Parataxis形合与意合英：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法汉：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意境为界英译汉：形合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词汉译英：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词2.1.FromParataxistoHypotaxisWhenwriting,Chinese:analyticallanguage,lackinginflectionsEnglish:longsentencesgivedescription,shortsentencesdrawconclusion.汉译英：把叙述性质的短句合为一个长句。-译法-a.使用连词eg:古人在一千三百年前，已经发明了刻板印刷。在八百年前又发明了活字印刷。Block-printingwasinvented1300yearsago,andmovabletype800yearsago.b.使用分词eg:三个老总缓缓而行。他们都在四五十岁的样子，每个人手里揣着一份文件。V1:Therecamethreechiefs/directors/managers.Theyadvancedslowly.Allofthemwerefortyorfiftyyearsoldandeachofthemcarriedastackoffileswiththem.V2:Carryingsomedocumentsinhand,thethreemanagersadvancedslowly,allsomefortyorfiftyyearsold.c.使用名词短语作主语汉语含时间、条件、原因状语的句子常可译为主语，用名词、动作名词、动名词等表示。eg:再坐一小时的飞机，就可以到达法兰克福了。(条件)V1:“Toflyforanotherhour,andwewillgettoFrankfurt.”V2:Anotherhour’sflightwillbringustoFrankfurt.eg:听到这个消息，我就放心了。(原因)V1:“Uponhearingthenews,Ifeelrelieved.”V2:Thenewsassuredme.eg:你好好比较一下，就可以发现这两份合同的不同之处。(条件)V1:“Ifyoucomparethesetwocontractscarefully,youwillfindthedifferencebetweenthem.”V2:Carefulcomparisonofthesetwocontractswillshowyouthedifference.(动作名词)d.使用定语/定从eg:马圈里，拴着三匹马，正在嚼草料。牲口都是养的肥肥壮壮的。（周立波《暴风骤雨》）Inthestablethreestrongandfathorseswereeatingmash.eg:农讲所公园里有专门的英语角。周末，老老少少会聚在一起操练。InthepublicparkofPeasants’MovementInstitute,therearespecialEnglishcornerswhereEnglishlearners,oldandyounggatheratweekendstopracticetheirspokenEnglish.e.使用标点：分号ChapterI.C-ESentenceTranslationIII.Rhetoric修辞比较“Grammarinvolvesrightorwrong,andrhetoricinvolvesbetterorworse.”1.EnglishRhetoric-Principles:Unity,Emphasis,Variety1.1.Unity整体性•包括：从属关系(不可主从倒置、误用并列；正确使用从属连词)；并列关系；隔离关系•英语：句子内部主从关系一般是–主要的置于主句，谓语动词内；次要的置于从句，非谓语形式内(如用动词不定式、分词、动名词来表达)Compare:Thewaiterswereservingcoffeetothelastdinerswhentheshipstucktherockandsank.Whenthewaiterswereservingcoffeetothelastdiners,theshipstucktherockandsank.1.1.Unity整体性•英汉主句的位置英：主句的位置可前可后汉：主句(正句)置后–故称偏正复句a.汉语因果句：因前果后b.汉语条件句：条前果后c.汉语时间关系：按时间先后eg:挣脱了那人的追逐后，我躺在自己的床上，仍然感到心脏在剧烈的跳动。IcanstillfeelmyheartbeatingfastasIthrewmyselfontomybed,havingescapedfrombeingchasedbytheman.1.2.Emphasis强调性a.Climax渐进•英：Climax=“Inrhetoricarrangementofaseriesofnotionsinsuchanorderthateachismoreimpressivethanthepreceding.”前轻后重轻重倒置:anti-climax汉：前重后轻eg:人类没有空气就无法生存，这是十分自然的事。Itisverynaturalthatmancouldn’tlivewithoutair.b.Hyperbaton倒装•汉：T前C后•英：S不一定在句前，SV位置可调换–倒装为了表强调、平衡、描绘等eg:Thedooropenedandincameatroopofchildren.(描绘)Upshottherocketintothesky.(描绘)Withmuchdifficultydidshefindherwayhome.(强调)•难点：主谓倒装，主语的分割b.1.主谓倒装：英句首句尾均为强调位置，不重要的词或短语置中间。弱：Mr.Chengraduatedwithhighesthonors,weweretold.强：Mr.Chen,weweretold,graduatedwithhighesthonors.Correctthefollowingsentences:1.Thecollegestudentsmuchlearnhowtostudytheirsubject,onlycantheteacherdoistogivethemdirections.改：The…subject.Whattheteacherdoesistogiventhemsomedirections.Correctthefollowingsentences:2.Soevertediousthetaskwas,Iconsidereditanhonor.改：Tediousasthetaskwas,Iconsidereditanhonor.(句型：adj.+as+the+n.+be表让步)3.任何一篇文章都不是一篇纯粹的说明文。Anypieceofwritingisseldompure.改：Seldomisanypieceofwritingpureexposition.b.2主语的分割英语主语中若中心词带有较长定语则定语往往后置eg:Alisthasbeendrawnupofwordswelearnedsofar.Aninterestingsecondresultmaybefoundwhichisalsoconsistentwithhistheories.1.2.Emphasis强调性c.Parallelism平行句eg:Theskyisblueinthecountrywhileinthecityitisgrayduetoindustrydusts.1.3.Variety多样性a.词汇：讲究同义变换eg:Adefinitionistheefforttodistinguishanentityfromallotherthingsforthepurposeofbeingabletorecognizeitorinsomewaytounderstandit.Todefine“apple”,forinstance,istofindsomemeansofisolating“apple”fromallotherthings.b.句式:讲求多变eg:表度、量、衡Thewellis45metersdeep.(口语)Thewellhasadepthof45meters.(普通语体)Thedepthofthewellis45meters.(科技语体)•英语3种句子结构：LooseSentence,PeriodicSentence,BalancedSentenceb.1.Loosesentence迟缓句(松句)主要意思置于句首，中间可多处停顿。多用于口语、以并列句为主eg:Wecametoourjourney’sendatlast,withnosmalldifficulty,aftermuchfatigue,throughdeeproadandbadweather.b.2.PeriodicSentence紧句制造悬念、直到句尾句意才完整eg:Atlast,withnosmalldifficulty,aftermuchfatigue,wecame,throughdeeproadandbadweather,toourjourney’send.Trytochangethefollowingbalancedsentencesintoperiodicse