My Linguistics2

Phonetics＆PhonologyChomsky（乔姆斯基）1Saussure(索绪尔)Halliday（韩礼德）Bloomfield（布龙·菲尔德）TheorganizationofgrammarPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticConceptsGrammarProductionComprehensionPhoneticsDefinitionofphoneticsThreebranchesofphoneticsOrgansofspeechIPAClassificationofEnglishconsonantsClassificationofEnglishvowelsThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsound-----phoneArticulate----articulationObstruct----obstructionVibrate----vibrationPhoneticsPhonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）thesoundusedforhumancommunicationWhatisPhonetics?thestudyofspeechsoundsprovidethesetoffeaturesorpropertiesdescribeanddistinguishallthesoundsThreebranchesofphoneticsarticulatory（发音的）phoneticsacoustic（声学的）phoneticsauditory（听觉的）phoneticsspeechproductionbythespeechorgansphysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsperceptionofspeechsoundsThebranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.（发音语音学）Acousticphonetics:dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.（听觉语音学）Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.（声学语音学）Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,is()phonetics.A.auditoryB.acousticC.articulatoryD.noneoftheabovethreeOrgansofspeech（发音器官）VibrationofthecordsVoiceless:清音whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Voiced(Voicing):浊音whenthevocalcords声带aredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedpushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.SpeechorgansorganSpeechfunctionLungssupplyairstreamVocalcordsproducevibration（振动）inresonating（共鸣）cavityTonguearticulatesoundsTeethprovidepassivearticulatorandacousticbaffle（助声板）LipsarticulatesoundsTheprincipalcavities（腔）orresonators（共鸣器）:pharyngealcavity（咽腔）oralcavity（口腔）nasalcavity（鼻腔）Thevocaltract/passage:thelongtubularstructureformedbythepharyngealcavity,oralcavityandnasalcavity1.Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcordsInternationalPhoneticAlphabetthetoolinphoneticsusedtotranscribespeechsoundsofdifferentlanguagesastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionMainlybasedonEuropeanlanguagesystemBroadTranscriptionandNarrowtranscriptionDiacritics(变音符号)thesetofsymbolsaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthantheletters.Broadtranscription（宽式标音）thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription（窄式标音）thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsThespeechsoundsinEnglishcanbedividedintovowelsandconsonants.Inproducingavoweltheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstruction.(20)Inproducingaconsonanttheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.(24)(26)(28)ClassificationofEnglishConsonantsEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedinthreeways:voicing;mannerofarticulation;andplaceofarticulation.mannerofarticulation（发音方式）:themannerinwhichobstructioniscreatedplaceofarticulation（发音部位）:TheplacewhereobstructioniscreatedconstrictionofairflowtypeconsonantsStop/Plosive爆破音[p][b][t][d][k][g]Fricative擦音[f][v][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][θ][ð][h]Nasal鼻音[m][n][η]Affricate塞擦音[ʧ][ʤ]Liquid/lateral流音[l][r]Glide滑音[w][j]placesofarticulationforconsonantstypeconsonantsBilabial双唇音[p][b][m][w]Labio-dental唇齿音[f][v]Dental齿音[θ][ð]Alveolar齿龈音[t][d][n][l][r][s][z]Palatal腭音[ʃ][ʒ][ʧ][ʤ][j]Velar软腭音[k][g][η]Glottal声门音，喉音[h]Voicingvoiceless:[p][t][k][f][θ][h][s][ʃ][ʧ]Voiced:[b][d][g][m][n][η][v][ð][z][ʒ][ʤ][w][j][l][r]bilabialLabio-dentaldentalalveolarpalatalvelarglottalPlosives(stops)VLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfθsʃhVDvðzʒAffricatesVL(ʧ)ʧVD(ʤ)ʤNasalsVDmnηLiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwjIntermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof().A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dentalStops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,andglidesallhavesomedegreeof____andarethereforeconsonants.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops.fricatives,nasals,etc.,intermsof().A.mannerofarticulationB.opennessofmouthC.placeofarticulationD.voicing_________transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,while_________transcriptiondoesnot.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricativeVowelasoundinwhichthereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelarynx（喉）tothelipsmonophthongsanddiphthongs(i.e.purevowels)(i.e.glidingvowels)Fourcriteriatoclassifypurevowels:thehighestpositionofthetongueinthemouth:front,central,backtheopennessofthemouth:closevowels,semi-closevowelsopenvowels,semi-openvowelstheshapeofthelips:rounded,unroundedthelengthofthevowels:long,short(i.e.tense,lax)frontcentralbacki:U:IUclosesemi-closesemi-openopenhighmid-highmid-lowloweз:әɔ:ӕʌɔɑɑ:theshapeofthelipstypevowelsRounded(圆唇)[u:][u][ɔ:]ɔ]unrounded（非圆唇）[i][i:][e][ӕ][ʌ][ә][ә:][a:]AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT______.Anessentialdifferenc