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1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.8.Interchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时12.Langueandparole找笔记重点。Competenceandperformance找笔记重点。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesitAnticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotdistinguishmeaning.21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governedindifferentcontexts23.Minimalpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphoneticenvironment,sotheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.25.Ifthephoneticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.26.Freevariation:Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesamepositionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfreevariation.27.Assimilation同化现象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。Regressiveassimilation:afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsoundProgressiveassimilation:aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound.音位变化规则：threeaspects：asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.28.Wordisaminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.29.Morpheme语素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical词汇的orgrammatical.30．Morphology形态学studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.31.Endocentriccompound:isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenterandtheotheristhemodifier.Exocentriccompound:isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthewholereferstosthelseratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituentsdenotes32.Allomorph:anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme33.suppletion:atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisacompletechangeintheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms34.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.35.Grammaticalconstructioncanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutitscontributiontothe