Phonetics

Phonetics---ChapterThreeContentsI.DefinitionofPhonetics;II.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet;III.BranchesofPhonetics;IV.ArticulatoryPhonetics.语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。I.DefinitionofPhoneticsPhoneticsisthescientificstudyofspeechsoundswhichareusedbyallhumanlanguagesorbyaparticularlanguagetorepresentmeanings.II.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet2.1Whatisit?;2.2Whydoweuseit?;2.3Howdoweuseit?.国际音标字母表2.1Whatisit?InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(shortenedasIPA)isthephoneticalphabetdesignedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(alsoshortenedasIPA)in1888tobeusedtorepresentthesoundsfoundinallhumanlanguages.2.2Whydoweuseit?Thefirstreasonisthatthereisusuallyadiscrepancybetweenpronunciationandspellingofmanylanguages;Thesecondreasonisthatweneedanorthographyasfaraslinguisticstudyisconcerned.2.3Howdoweuseit?BroadPhoneticTranscription:~isthatwhichonlytranscribesthesoundsthatcontrastwordsinmeaningwithoutprovidinganydetails,e.g.[pen];NarrowPhoneticTranscription:~isthatwhichnotonlytranscribesthesoundsthatcontrastwordsinmeaningbutalsoprovidesthedetailsbyusingdiacritics,e.g.['æphɫ].宽式标音法严式标音法.Diacritics（变音符）~~~aretheadditionalmarkingsonwrittensymbolstospecifyvariousphoneticpropertiessuchaslength,tone,stress,nasalization,etc.Examplesare[i:],[ě],[ù],and[õ],etc.III.BranchesofPhoneticsArticulatoryPhoneticsAcousticPhoneticsAuditoryPhoneticsArticulatoryPhonetics（发音语音学）:~isthestudyofthewayinwhichspeechsoundsaremadebythevocalorgans;AcousticPhonetics（声学语音学）:~isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsastransmittedbetweenmouthandear;AuditoryPhonetics（听觉语音学）:~isthestudyoftheperceptualresponsetospeechsoundsasmediatedbyear,auditorynerveandbrain.IV.ArticulatoryPhonetics4.1ArticulatoryOrgans;4.2EnglishConsonants;4.3EnglishVowels;4.4NaturalClassesofSounds;4.5BinaryFeatureDescriptionofSounds.OralCavity（口腔）Pharynx（咽）Larynx（喉）[vocalcords&glottis]NasalCavity（鼻腔）TheFourCavities10.Larynx（喉）TheSpeechOrgans1.Lips（唇）2.Teeth（齿）3.Alveolarridge（齿龈）7.Tipofthetongue（舌尖）4.Palate（硬腭）8.Bladeofthetongue（舌面）9.Backofthetongue（舌背）11.Pharynx（咽）12.Nasalcavity（鼻腔）.5.Velum（软腭）6.Uvula（小舌）...AnatomyoftheVocalTractAnatomyofthelarynxVocalCordsandGlottis声带声门EnglishPhonemesEnglishConsonantsEnglishVowelsThereare24Englishconsonants.Thereare20Englishvowels.4.2EnglishConsonants4.2.1Definition;4.2.2Subdivisions;4.2.3Someotherissues.辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。4.2.1DefinitionAconsonantisaspeechsoundmadebyaclosureornarrowinginthevocaltractsothattheairflowiseithercompletelyblocked,orsorestrictedthataudiblefrictionisproduced.4.2.2Subdivisions4.2.2.1Placesofarticulation（发音部位）:Itmeansthepartofthevocaltractatwhichtheairstreamisconstricted,obstructedorblocked;TABLE4.2.2.2Mannersofarticulation（发音方式）:Itmeansthewaytheairstreamisobstructedasittravelsthroughthevocaltract.4.2.2.1PlacesofarticulationBilabials（双唇音）:[p][b][m][w];Labiodentals（唇齿音）:[f][v];Interdentals（齿间音）:[θ][ð];Alveolars（齿龈音）:[t][d][n][s][z][l][r];Palatals（硬腭音）:[ʃ][ʒ][ʧ][ʤ][j];Velars（软腭音）:[k][g][ŋ];Glottal（声门音）:[h].4.2.2.2MannersofarticulationStops（爆破音）:Oralstops:[p][b][t][d][k][g];Nasalstops:[m][n][ŋ];Fricatives（摩擦音）:[f][v][θ][ð][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][h];Affricates（破擦音）:[ʧ][ʤ];Liquids（流音）:[l][r];Glides（滑音）:[j][w];Voicelessvs.VoicedSounds（清/浊音）.Stopsarethesoundsinwhichtheairflowisbrieflybutcompletelystoppedintheoralcavity.Fricativesarethesoundsproducedwithsonarrowaconstrictioninthevocaltractastocreatesoundthroughfriction.Affricatesarethesoundsproducedbyastopclosurefollowedimmediatelybyaslowreleasecharacteristicofafricative.Liquidsarealloftheapico-alveolarsoundsthatreleasetheairstreamfromoneorbothsidesofthemouth.Glidesaresoundsproducedwithlittleornoobstructionoftheairstreamthatisalwaysprecededorfollowedbyavowel.Voicelesssoundsarethoseproducedwithopen,non-vibratingvocalcords;whilevoicedsoundswithvibratingvocalcords..TableofEnglishConsonantsPlacesMannersBilabialsLabiodentalsInterdentalsAlveolarsPalatalsVelarsGlottalStopsOral[p][t][k][b][d][g]Nasal[m][n][ŋ]Fricatives[f][θ][s][ʃ][h][v][ð][z][ʒ]Affricates[ʧ][ʤ]Liquids[l][r]Glides[w][j]VoicelessbilabialstopVoicedbilabialstopVoicelessalveolarstopVoicedalveolarstopVoicelessvelarstopVoicedvelarstopbilabialnasalalveolarnasalvelarnasalvoicelesslabiodentalfricativevoicedlabiodentalfricativevoicelessinterdentalfricativevoicedinterdentalfricativevoicelessalveolarfricativevoicedalveolarfricativevoicelesspalatalfricativevoicedpalatalfricativeglottalfricativevoicelesspalatalaffricatevoicedpalatalaffricatelateral（旁流音）retroflex（卷舌音）bilabialglidepalatalglide.Thepronunciationof/p/and/b/Thepronunciationof/t/and/d/Thepronunciationof/k/and/g/Allophonicvariationsof/p/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[ph]Aspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionspoke[p-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositiontopten[pɔ]Unaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/spot[p:]Lengthening,whenarresting/p/isfollowedbyareleasing/p/StopPete.[p~]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalStophim.Allophonicvariationsof/b/AllophoneOccurrenceExample[b-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionrob[b:]lengthenedwhenarres