2011-罗宾斯-管理学-11版-英文PPT-02

ContrasttheactionsofmanagersaccordingtotheomnipotentandsymbolicviewsDescribetheconstraintsandchallengesfacingmanagersintoday’sexternalenvironmentDiscussthecharacteristicsandimportanceoforganizationalcultureDescribecurrentissuesinorganizationalcultureOmnipotentViewofManagement-theviewthatmanagersaredirectlyresponsibleforanorganization’ssuccessorfailure.SymbolicviewofManagement-theviewthatmuchofanorganization’ssuccessorfailureisduetoexternalforcesoutsidemanagers’control.ExternalEnvironment-thosefactorsandforcesoutsidetheorganizationthataffectitsperformance.ComponentsoftheExternalEnvironmentSpecificenvironment:ExternalforcesthathaveadirectandimmediateimpactontheorganizationGeneralenvironment:Broadeconomic,socio-cultural,political/legal,demographic,technological,andglobalconditionsthatmayaffecttheorganizationEnvironmentalUncertainty-thedegreeofchangeandcomplexityinanorganization’senvironment.EnvironmentalComplexity-thenumberofcomponentsinanorganization’senvironmentandtheextentoftheorganization’sknowledgeaboutthosecomponents.Stakeholders-anyconstituenciesintheorganization’senvironmentthatareaffectedbyanorganization’sdecisionsandactions.1.Identifytheorganization’sexternalstakeholders.2.Determinetheparticularinterestsandconcernsofexternalstakeholders.3.Decidehowcriticaleachexternalstakeholderistotheorganization.4.Determinehowtomanageeachindividualexternalstakeholderrelationship.OrganizationalCulture-Thesharedvalues,principles,traditions,andwaysofdoingthingsthatinfluencethewayorganizationalmembersact.StrongCultures-Organizationalculturesinwhichkeyvaluesareintenselyheldandwidelyshared.OrganizationfounderVisionandmissionPastpracticesTopmanagementbehaviorSocialization-Theprocessthathelpsemployeesadapttotheorganization’sculture.Stories-Narrativesofsignificanteventsorpeople,e.g.organizationfounders,rulebreaking,reactiontopastmistakesetc.Rituals-SequencesofactivitiesthatexpressandreinforcetheimportantvaluesandgoalsoftheorganizationMaterialArtifactsandSymbols-Conveythekindsofbehaviorthatareexpected,e.g.risktaking,participation,authority,etc.Language-ActsasacommondenominatorthatbondsmembersCreatesastrongeremployeecommitmenttotheorganizationAidsintherecruitmentandsocializationofnewemployeesFostershigherorganizationalperformancebyinstillingandpromotingemployeeinitiative“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discoveredordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalid,and,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems.”(Schein,1985)•ArtefactsandProducts•Explicit•VisibleOrganisationalstructuresandprocesses•EspousedNormsandValues•Visions,Missions,BusinessPlans•BasicAssumptions•Implicit•Taken-for-grantedbeliefsArtifactsvisibleorganisationalstructuresandprocessesoftenhardtodecipherValuesstrategies,goals,philosophiesanswerstoquestionsofwhygreaterlevelofawarenessBasicAssumptionsunconscioustakenfromgrantedbeliefs,habitsofperception,thoughtandfeelingultimatesourceofvaluesandactionsformtheculturalparadigmSchein'sFunctionalistViewofLevelsofCultureCulturalConstraintsonManagersWhatevermanagerialactionstheorganizationrecognizesasproperorimproperonitsbehalfWhateverorganizationalactivitiestheorganizationvaluesandencouragesTheoverallstrengthorweaknessoftheorganizationalcultureHiretherighttypeofemployees(thosewithastronginterestinservingcustomers)Havefewrigidrules,procedures,andregulationsUsewidespreadempowermentofemployeesHavegoodlisteningskillsinrelatingtocustomers’messagesProvideroleclaritytoemployeesinordertoreduceambiguityandconflictandtoincreasejobsatisfactionHaveconscientious,caringemployeeswillingtotakeinitiativeWorkplaceSpirituality-aculturewhereorganizationalvaluespromoteasenseofpurposethroughmeaningfulworkthattakesplaceinthecontextofcommunityCharacteristicsofaSpiritualOrganizationStrongsenseofpurposeFocusonindividualdevelopmentTrustandopennessEmployeeempowermentTolerationofemployees’expressionomnipotentviewofmanagementsymbolicviewofmanagementorganizationalculturestrongculturessocializationworkplacespiritualityexternalenvironmentspecificenvironmentgeneralenvironmentenvironmentaluncertaintyenvironmentalcomplexitystakeholders