以此代彼的metonymy

Metonymy101305301徐惠贞张青燕李艺娜100205205吴靖婷MetonymyDefinition1.DefinitionsExample&ComparisonReferentialfunctionConclusionDefinitionmetonymyn.figureofspeechthatusesoneobjectinplaceofanotherrelatedconcept(e.g.,usingthethronetorefertothemonarchy)--BabylonEnglishMetonymyisafigureofspeechusedinrhetoricinwhichathingorconceptisnotcalledbyitsownname,butbythenameofsomethingintimatelyassociatedwiththatthingorconcept.Metonymscanbeeitherrealorfictionalconceptsrepresentingotherconceptsrealorfictional,buttheymustserveasaneffectiveandwidelyunderstoodsecondnameforwhattheyrepresent.--WikipediaEnglishAtropeinwhichonewordisputforanotherthatsuggestsit;as,wesay,amankeepsagoodtableinsteadofgoodprovisions;wereadVirgil,thatis,hispoems;amanhasawarmheart,thatis,warmaffections.---Webster'sRevisedUnabridgedDictionary(1913)Metonymy(noun)awordorexpressionusedasasubstituteforsomethingwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,e.g.WashingtonfortheUSgovernment.---ConciseOxfordEnglishDictionaryMetonymyMetonymyvs.SynecdocheMetonymy:借代；转喻；换喻Synecdoche:提喻Traditionalrhetoricalviews:twodistinctonesMetonymy:AsubstitutesB;AandBisrelatedorcontiguousSynecdoche:partforwhole;wholeforpartCognitivelinguistics:inthesameconceptualdomain;unnecessarytoseparateandsynecdocheissubtypeofmetonymyLead-in：找找看BodyLead-in：找找看英汉指代人的各种常规表达(conventionalexpressions)头发/hairgreyhairs（老年人）Wedon'thirelonghairs.丫头：扎着丫字形的辫子头/head老头；皓首；点人头；Dinnerat$15ahead;Weneedsomegoodheadsontheproject.脑/brainBraindrain：人才流失首脑Lead-in：找找看脸/faceIsawmanynew/familiar/strangefaces我看见很多新的、熟悉的、陌生的面孔。眼/eyeNoeyesawhim,butasecondlater,everyearheardagunshot.眉/eyebrow美眉；娥眉：美人；须眉：男子；鼻子/nosecountnoses口、嘴/mouth大嘴巴央视名嘴三口之家；养家糊口anothermouthtofeedLead-in：找找看胡须/moustache,beard须眉：指男子，堂堂须眉；巾帼不让须眉Athousandmoustachescanlivetogether,butnotfourbreasts.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。脖子/neck硬脖子aredneck:指美国南方农民手臂/arm左膀右臂TheGiantsneedastrongerarminrightfield.手/hand（通常指代manualworker）人手不够。新手/greenhand;afactoryhand;aranchhand;arealhandatgeometry;Allhandsondeck!手腕/wrist大腕：指“有名气、有实力的人”Lead-in：找找看腿/legThecoachisgoingtoputsomefreshlegsinthegame.脚/foot我们需要一些脚力（搬运工人）。心/heartTwoyoungheartshadbeenfreedfromtheburdenofguiltandsuspicion.心肝用于指称“最亲热最心爱的人”心腹指“亲信的人”，如身边的心腹骨头/boneLazybones/懒骨头；贱骨头血液/bloodWeneedsomenewbloodintheorganization.我们组织需要新鲜血液。Lead-in：找找看其他指代方式，如从穿戴上：巾帼、裙钗：指妇女bluestocking:女学者；才女；好卖弄学问的女人pinkcollar:secretaries,phoneoperators,andotherpink-collarworkerswhite/blue/golden/greycollarSkirt:awomanorgirl,e.g.arealskirt;askirtchaser;拜倒在石榴裙下。boot:U.S.Navy,Marines.arecruitThesuitsonWallStreetwalkedoffwithmostofoursavings.领袖红领巾——小学生1.Definitions从词源学上,metonymy来源于古希腊语metonumia,意思是“意义的改变”(changeofname)1.1Traditionaldefinitions1.2Cognitivedefinitions1.1TraditionaldefinitionsInstandarddefinitions,metonymytendstobedescribedas“afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated”(Webster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary).metonymy是用甲事物的名称来代替乙事物，而且甲、乙是有关联的1.1Traditionaldefinitions传统观点认为转喻是用某事物的名称替换相邻近事物名称的特殊修辞手段,这样它就把转喻研究简单地局限于词汇层面。换句话说,转喻几乎等同于名词A与B的指称或替代。1.2Cognitivedefinitions转喻是选取事物易理解(well-understood)或易感知(easy-to-perceive)的方面来代替事物的整体或事物的另一方面或部分，即用突显、重要、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或相关的其他部分，或用具有完形感知的整体代替部分。1.2Cognitivedefinitions转喻的本质特征在于它借事物之间的关联性(relatedness)或邻近性(proximity/contiguity)建立事物之间的指称关系，是同一概念域中的映射。2.TypesofmetonymyPART–WHOLEMetonymy整体－部分转喻PRODUCERFORPRODUCT生产者、首创者或发现者代产品OBJECTUSEDFORUSER工具代工具使用者CONTROLLERFORCONTROLLED控制者代被控制的INSTITUTIONFORPEOPLE机构代该机构里的人LocationMetonymy地点转喻CONTAINERFORCONTENT容器代内容MATERIALFOROBJECT材料代成品CAUSE–EFFECTMetonymy因果转喻CONCRETE–ABSTRACTMetonymy具体抽象转喻THECOMMON–THESPECIFICMetonymy普通特定转喻借事物的象征标记或个体特征代事物PART–WHOLEMetonymyTHEPARTFORTHEWHOLEDelivertothedoor.送货上门。一日不见，如三秋兮。孤帆远影碧空尽THEWHOLEFORTHEPARTThecarbrokedown.Alltheplantsinthecoldcountryareturninggreeninthissmilingyear.Hehitmyarm.洗车PRODUCERFORPRODUCTHeboughtaFord.IlikeMozart.你买联想还是惠普？何以解忧，唯有杜康。Sandwich首创此夹心面包人的人名。Watt瓦特，volt伏特；Alzheimer老年痴呆症OBJECTUSEDFORUSERThepenismightierthantheswordThesaxhastheflutoday.那吹萨克斯的病了。Weneedabettergloveatthirdbase.Thebusesareonstrike.出租车罢工。他是个笔杆子。Thecardoesnotknowwheretogo.CONTROLLERFORCONTROLLED控制者代被控制BushbombedIraq.NapoleonlostatWaterloo.AMercedesrear-endedme.INSTITUTIONFORPEOPLEYou'llnevergettheuniversitytoagreetothat.TheArmywantstoreinstitutethedraft.Idon'tapproveofthegovernment'sactions.TheTimeshasn'tarrivedatthepressconferenceyet.Teachingcollegeisamixedbagofrewards.她教小学，我教中学。LocationMetonymy(1)THEPLACEFORTHEINSTITUTION地点代机构(2)THEPLACEFORTHEEVENT地点代事件(3)THEPLACEFORTHEPEOPLE地点代人(4)THEPLACEFORTHEPRODUCT地点代产品(1)THEPLACEFORTHEINSTITUTION地点代机构TheWhiteHouseisn'tsayinganything.Washingtonisinsensitivetotheneedsofthepeople.Parisisintroducinglongerskirtsthisseason.Hollywoodisn'twhatitusedtobe.DownUnder–AustraliaCapitolHill–theCongressDowningStreet–BritishgovernmentFleetStreet–theBritishpressMadisonAvenue–AmericanadvertisingindustryFoggyBottom–U.S.StateDepartment(2)THEPLACEFORTHEEVENT地