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word-formation构词法derivation词缀法derivation词缀法•词缀affix•词根/词干root/stem•前缀prefix/后缀suffix•后缀决定词性•前缀决定词义以ion/tion/sion,y/ty/ity/bility,ture/sure/ure,ance/ence,ancy/ency,s/es,ing,age,ment,ness,ship,hood等结尾的大都是名词；以ize/ise/yze,fy,en,ate/ite,ish等结尾的大都是动词；以er/est,ing/ed,ent/ant,ful/less,able/ible,ary/ory/ery,ate/ite,ic,al,cal,ous,ive等结尾的是大都是形容词；以ly,er/est,wise,wards等结尾的大都是副词。后缀suffix•副词后缀•(形容词)-ly：•bad→badly坏地/恶劣地，很/非常careful→carefully小心地•-er/est•faster,earliest•-wise:“方向，状态”•clock→clockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向的(地)；like→likewise同样地,otherwise•-ward/wards：“向…,方向”-ward可变成-wards，但只能作副词用•out→outwards向外面地，north→northwards向北方地动词后缀•-s/es表动词单数•books,watches,does•-ing动词的动名词或现在分词•fishing,making,flying,quitting•-ed表动词的过去式或过去分词•liked,cried,committed•动词后缀•-ize,ise,yze表示“做成，变成，……化”•modernize,mechanize,democratize,organize•-en,表示“使成为，引起，使有”•quicken,weaken,soften,harden•-fy,表示“使……化,使成”•beautify,purify,intensify,signify,simplify•-ish,表示“使，令”•finish,abolish,diminish,establish•-ate/ite,表示“成为……，处理，作用”•separate,operate,indicate,ignite,unite名词后缀•-s/es表名词复数•bays,zoos,watches,boxes,potatoes•-ing动词的动名词•fishing,washing,shopping•-ness,表示性质，状态，程度•goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness名词后缀•-y加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后,“人或小东西”常带有戏谑性和爱称•inquiry,mastery,fatty,doggy•-ty,-ity,表示“性质，状态，程度”•purity,reality,ability,calamity,beauty•-ivity，由-ive+ity组成，“有…能力或特•productivity,resistivity•-bility,表示动作，性质，状态•possibility,flexibility,feasibility,名词后缀•-acy,表示性质，状态，境遇•democracy,accuracy,diplomacy•-ance/ence表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”•importance,distance,difference,diligence,obedience,preference•-ancy/ency,表示性质，状态，行为，过程•frequency,urgency,efficiency,•-ate•-acy•-ant/ent•-ance/ence•-ancy/ency名词后缀•-ion,-sion,-tion,-ation,-ition,表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”•action,solution,destruction,expression,correction,conclusion,competition•-ure/sure/ture/iture/ature,表示“行为，结果”•pressure,procedure(手续),exposure,composure,signature•-ment,表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”•treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument•-age,数量；动作；身份；地方；费用•passage,postage•-al•arrival,refusal,proposal•名词后缀•表人或物•-or/er/ess/crat/ian/ist/ive:•worker,debtor,actress,democrat,physician,realist,detective•-ate/ite“人或地位”•graduate,delegate,candidate,elite,favorite,socialite•-ant/ent“人或药剂”•observant,absorbent,president,resident•-ary/ory/atory/ery表人，物，场所等•salary,dictionary,secretary,factory,directory,observatory,bribery•名词后缀•表人或物•-ee“被动或主动的人”•employee,trainee,devotee,refugee•-eer表名词，“…人员”•engineer,volunteer•-oon，“人或物”•tycoon,balloon•-en“人或物”•warden,citizen•-ling表名词，“小东西或某种人”•birdling,seedling•-kin，“小…”•napkin,ladykin名词后缀•-ism,表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”•socialism,criticism,colloquialism,heroism•-th,表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”•depth,wealth,truth,length,growth•-tude/itude,表示“性质，状态，程度”•latitude,altitude(海拔),attitude•-ful“满，量”•spoonful,mouthful•-dom,表示等级，领域，状态•freedom,kingdom,wisdom•-hood,表示“资格，身份,年纪，状态”•childhood,manhood,falsehood•-ship,表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”•hardship,membership,friendship•-mony“结果，情况，状态”•ceremony,名词后缀•-grapy,表示“……学，写法”•biography,geography,calligraphy,•-ic,ics,表示“……学……法”•logic,mechanics,electronics,linguistics•-ology,表示“……学……论”•biology,zoology,technology(工艺学)•-nomy,表示……学……术•astronomy,economy,名词后缀•形容词后缀•带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义•-able/ible,•visible,flexible•-ive,•active,sensitive,productive•-ful,•beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful•-less,表示否定，无…的,不…的•countless,stainless,wireless•-ous,•dangerous,generous,courageous,various•-itious，名词后缀-ition变化而来，表示“…的”•nutritious,fictitious•形容词后缀•带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义•-ent/ant•violent,different,distant,important•-ary/ory/ery•temporary,imaginary,compulsory,obligatory•-ate/ite•accurate,polite,definite,exquisite•-ing动词现在分词•boring,disgusting,frightening•-ed动词过去分词•bored,committed,disgusted•-en“由…制成”，通常加在名词后面•wooden,woolen,golden•-proof，“防…的”•waterproof,bulletproof•形容词后缀•带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义•-y加在名词后变成形容词•windy,sleepy,homey•-er/est•faster,slower,bigger,fattest,•-ist•realist,socialist,capitalist•-ic(注意logic)–ic名词•logic,electronic,linguistic•名词-al•natural,national,cultural,formal,financial•-cal•physical,psychological形容词后缀•带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义•名词-ish,“像…一样，有点…”，•foolish,bookish,selfish•(注意accomplish,vanish)-ish动词•-like,“像…一样”•manlike,childlike•名词-ly,•manly,fatherly,scholarly,motherly,weekly•-some,“充满…的，具有…倾向的”•troublesome,handsome•-most,“最…的”•foremost,topmost,innermost以ion/tion/sion,y/ty/ity/bility,ture/sure/ure,ance/ence,ancy/ency,s/es,ing,age,ment,ness,ship,hood等结尾的大都是名词；以ize/ise/yze,fy,en,ate/ite,ish等结尾的大都是动词；以er/est,ing/ed,ent/ant,ful/less,able/ible,ary/ory/ery,ate/ite,ic,al,cal,ous,ive等结尾的是大都是形容词；以ly,er/est,wise,wards等结尾的大都是副词。后缀suffix后缀suffix•后缀决定词性•改变后缀改变词性•后缀的多重性改变后缀改变词性•形容词变名词•形容词变副词•动词变名词形容词变成名词•改变后缀，形容词变成名词•-able,-ible,•-bility•possibility,flexibility,•-ive,•-ivity•activity,sensitivity,形容词变成名词•-ent/ant•violent,different,distant,important•-ate/ite•accurate•-ent/ant•-ence/ance•-ency/ancy•violence,difference,distance,importance•frequency,urgency•-ate/ite•-acy•accuracy形容词变成名词•-ful,•beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful•-less,表示否定，•countless,stainless,wireless•-ous,-itious•dangerous,generous,courageous,various,nutritious,•-ful,-less,•-ness•carefulness,•carelessness,•-ous,•-t