语言学问答题

1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.2.Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?Deep----shallowmarried---singlesour---sweetTeacher---studentasleep---awakeTheycanbegradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposite.3.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords，phrases，clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax，lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention；itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactper­formedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething；itistheconsequenceof，orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance；itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.4．Whatisaninflectionalmorpheme?Locatetheinflectionalmorphemeineachofthefollowingsentencesandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.Mr.SmithlivesintheBigApple.Thefilm’salreadystarted.Thereareboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmakersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.Suchboundmorphemesarecalledinflectionalmorphemes.5.Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.(1)Aphoneisaspeechsound,itisphoneticunit.Anysoundwehearinthecourseofcommunicationsaphone,suchas/u:/,/l/,/p/,/p’/.(2)Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisnotaconcretesoundbutanabstractnotion.Itisacollectionoffeatures.Itcanberealizedasdifferentphonesindifferentphoneticcontexts.Foeexample,thephoneme/l/canberealizedasaclear[l]oradark[l],dependingonwhereitoccursinasoundcombination.(3)Theactuallyphoneticrealizationsofaphonemearecalleditsallophones.Allophonesaretheactualphoneswehearinlinguisticcommunication.6.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:(1)Themaximofquantity①Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).②Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.(2)Themaximofquality①Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.②Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.(3)ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.(4)Themaximofmanner①Avoidobscurityofexpression.②Avoidambiguity.③Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).④Beorderly.