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独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前，主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句隔开。独立主格结构作用(多用于书面语)独立主格结构的功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。1.Itsproductsprovenunsafe,acompanyislikelyto…2.Hercompanyprospering,Anitarevolutionized…Ifitsproductsareprovenunsafe,….Becausehercompanywasprospering,….独立主格结构的基本构成形式1、名词或代词主格+分词Theexperimentdone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.Timepermitting,wecanhaveawalkaroundtheplaygroundaftersupper.2、名词或代词主格+不定式Theexamtobeheldtomorrow,Icouldn’tgotothecinematonight.Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldn’tgooutwithyou.不定式在独立结构中多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”“约定”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事。3、名词或代词主格+介词短语OurEnglishteachercameintotheclassroom,papersinhand.LastnightIfollowedhimhere,andclimbedin,swordinhand.4、名词或代词主格+形容词Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.Theclothesverydirty,you'dbetterwashthemquickly.5、名词或代词主格+副词Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeeting-room.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.6.表示存在时，也可以构成独立主格结Therebeingnobuses,theywalkedtothetheatre.Therebeingnocauseforfear,hereturnedtohishometown.注意事项1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。Afterclasswasover,thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.Classbeingover/Classover,…注意事项2.在分词的独立主格结构中,being+adj./adv.结构中的分词being可以省略，但是在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或havingbeen）不能省略(1)独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.(2)在Therebeing+名词的结构中Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.注意事项3.在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinherhand.介词+复合宾语（介词+宾语+宾补）with(without)复合结构1．with+名词（或代词）+现在分词Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.Withwintercomingon,it’stimetobuywarmclothes.2．with+名词（或代词）+过去分词Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.Withtheworkfinished,allofuswentoutforawalk.3．with+名词（或代词）+动词不定式Ican’tgooutwithallthesedishestowash.Withsomanybookstoread,Icouldn’tgooutwithyou4．with+名词（或代词）+介词短语Hewalkedalongwithhishatonthebackofhishead.Hesimplystaredatherwiththatpeculiarexpressiononhisface.5．with+名词（或代词）+形容词Themanwassleepingwiththewindowopen.Themotherdoesn’tallowherchildtotalkwithhismouthfull.6．with+名词（或代词）+副词WithJohnaway,we’vegotmoreroom.Withtheteacherthere,hecan’twrite.独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。Timepermitting,we'dbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.Iftimepermits,we'dbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.Seeingfromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.Whenweseefromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.1.Thelecture______,helefthisseatsoquietlyasnottodisturbthespeaker.A.beganB.beginningC.havingbegunD.beingbeginning2.Such______thecase,Ihadnootherchoice.A.beingB.isC.wasD.tobe3.Darkness____in,theyoungpeoplestrolledonthestreets.A.setB.settingC.hassetD.wasset4.Withallfactors______,wethinkthisprogrammaybebetterthananyotheroneinachievingthegoal.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.consideredD.areconsidered5.Anewtechnique______,theproductionincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenadoptedB.havingadoptedC.adoptingD.havingbeenadopted6.Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.A.werecrossedB.crossedC.havingbeencrossedD.beingcrossed7.Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork_____,wedidn’taccepttheoffer.A.notfinishedB.havingnotbeenfinishedC.hadnotbeenfinishedD.wasnotfinished8.Therearevariouskindsofmetals,each____itsownproperties(特性).A.hasB.hadC.tohaveD.having9.Theoldmanstoodunderabigtree,______.A.apipeinmouthB.withapipeinmouthC.pipeinmouthD.pipeinhismouth10.Theproduction______steadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterial.A.hasgoneupB.isgoingupC.havinggoneupD.beinggoneupNotfarfromtheschooltherewasagarden,______ownerseatedinitplayingchesswithhislittlegrandsoneveryafternoon.A.itsB.whoseC.whichD.thatHewrotealotofnovels,manyof_____translatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.thatHewrotealotofnovels,manyof____weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.thatHewrotealotofnovels,andmanyof____weretranslatedintoforeignlanguages.A.itB.themC.whichD.that(1)ThereImetseveralpeople,twoof_______beingforeigners.A.whichB.themC.whomD.that(2)ThereImetseveralpeople,twoof_______wereforeigners.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that(3)ThereImetseveralpeople,andtwoof_____wereforeigners.A.whichB.themC.whomD.thatTheweather______(be)fine,wewentforawalk.Thesignal______(give),thebusstarted.Weather__________(permit),theywillstartatsixtomorrowmorning.There_______(be)nocauseforfear,hereturnedtohishometown.Ourwork________________(finish),wewenthome.Hefellasleepwiththelamp________(burn).Withthework_______(finish),wewentforaholiday.Helayonhisback,histeeth______(set),hisrighthand_________(clench)onhischestandhisglaringeyes_______(look)straightupward.havingbeenfinishedbeinggivenpermittingbeingburningfinishedsetclenchedlookingFillintheblankswithproperverbforms用独立结构完成下列句子1.Janeranintotheclassroom,___________________________________(手里拿着一个新文具盒).2.______________________(午饭时间到了),thestudentsallwenttothedining-hall.3.Alittlegirlwasmakingpaperflowers,_____