数控机床误差补偿技术的研究

i目录摘要.................................................................ivAbstract..................................................................v第一章概述...........................................................-1-1.1数控技术的基本概念.................................................-1-1.1.1数控技术和数控机床............................................-1-1.1.2数控机床的特点................................................-1-1.1.3数控机床的分类................................................-1-1.2误差补偿技术的研究.................................................-1-1.2.1误差补偿现状..................................................-2-1.3本论文的研究目的意义和研究内容.....................................-3-1.3.1研究的目的和意义..............................................-3-1.3.2研究的主要内容................................................-3-1.3.3研究的基本思路和基本方法......................................-3-第二章数控机床的进给传动系统.........................................-4-2.1数控机床对进给传动系统的要求.......................................-4-2.2数控机床进给传动装置的结构.........................................-4-2.2.1滚珠丝杠螺母机构的结构........................................-4-2.2.2进给传动误差..................................................-5-2.2.3电机与丝杠的联接、传动方式....................................-6-2.3数控系统的三种控制方式.............................................-6-第三章数控机床的精度及可靠性分析.....................................-8-3.1数控机床误差的分类.................................................-8-3.2误差模型简介.......................................................-8-3.2.1几何误差......................................................-8-3.2.2热误差........................................................-9-3.2.3运动控制误差.................................................-10-3.2.4其它误差.....................................................-10-3.3数控机床的精度....................................................-10-3.4数控机床的精度检查................................................-11-3.4.1机床几何精度的检查...........................................-11-3.4.2机床定位精度的检查...........................................-11-3.5数控机床的可靠性..................................................-12-ii3.5.1我国数控机床的可靠性.........................................-12-3.5.2影响数控机床可靠性的因素.....................................-13-第四章数控机床位置精度的测试与误差补偿................................-14-4.1数控机床位置精度常用的测量方法及评定标准..........................-14-4.1.1定位精度和重复定位精度的确定—国家标准GB/T17421.2－99评定方法-14-4.2定位精度测量工具和方法............................................-15-4.3数控机床软件补偿原理..............................................-17-4.3.1螺距补偿原理.................................................-17-4.3.2反向间隙补偿.................................................-17-4.4实验验证..........................................................-17-4.4.1数控车床X轴精度补偿步骤及注意事项。.........................-17-4.4.2编写数控车床X轴精度补偿程序.................................-18-4.4.3数据处理.....................................................-20-4.4.4结果分析.....................................................-25-总结................................................................-28-致谢................................................................-29-参考文献..............................................................-30-iii图、表清单插图清单图2-1滚珠丝杠螺母………………………………………………………………………-5-图2-2开环系统控制原理…………………………………………………………………-6-图2-3半闭环控制系统原理图……………………………………………………………-7-图2-4全闭环控制系统原理图……………………………………………………………-7-图4-1步距规测量示意图…………………………………………………………………-16-图4-2测量补偿过程………………………………………………………………………-17-图4-3标准检验循环图……………………………………………………………………-17-图4-4螺距补偿原理………………………………………………………………………-18-图4-5补偿前机床精度评价结果…………………………………………………………-29-图4-6补偿后机床精度评价结果…………………………………………………………-29-表格清单表4-1X轴补偿前精度检测数据…………………………………………………………-23-表4-2机床补偿前位置精度测试记录表…………………………………………………-23-表4-3X轴补偿后精度检测数据…………………………………………………………-26-表4-4机床补偿后位置精度测试记录表…………………………………………………-27-iv数控机床误差补偿技术的研究摘要机械制造业发展的一个明显动向是：越来越广泛地应用数控技术，普通机械逐渐被高效率、高精度的数控机械所代替。数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，与普通机床相比，加工精度和生产效率都比较高等优点。本课题针对机械加工中不可避免的误差问题，研究数控机床误差的控制方法，对提高产品质量具有重要意义。提高机床精度有两种方法：一种为误差防止法，另一种叫误差补偿法。本论文主要对数控机床的几何精度问题进行了全面的分析,并在机床误差建模、加工精度以及软件误差补偿等作了研究。特别是对进给传动系统作了研究，对进给系统中存在的螺距误差和反向间隙误差，用步距规测量的方法进行了软件误差补偿。关键词：数控机床；误差模型；误差补偿；螺距误差；反向间隙误差；步距规vCNCMachineToolErrorCompensationTechnologyAbstractMachinerymanufacturingindustryisacleartrend:moreandmorewidespreadapplicationofCNCtechnology,generalmachinerygraduallybyhighefficiencyandhighprecisionCNCmachinesreplaced.Computernumericalcontrolmachinetoolisadigitalcontrolsystemwithmachinetools,machinetools,comparedwiththenormalprocessingaccuracyandhigherproductivityaremoreadvantages.ThetopicforthemachiningerrorisinevitableproblemsoferrorofCNCmachinetoolcontrolmethodtoimprovetheproductqualityisimportant.Therearetwowaystoimprovemachinetoolaccuracy.Wayfortheerrorpreventionmethod.Anothermethodcallederrorcompensation.ThisthesisfocusesonthegeometricaccuracyofCNCmachinetoolstoconductacomprehensiveanalysisoftheissue,andmachinetoolerrormodelingandsoftwareerrorcompensationofprecisionmachining,etc.arestudied.Especiallyforfeeddrivesystemisstudied,theexistenceofthefeedsysteminthepitcherrorandbacklasherrors,withthestepgaugemeasurementsoftwareerrorcompensationmethod.KeyWords:CNCmachinetools;Errormodel;Errorcompe