搜索
非谓语动词【考点分析】1.不定式的时态和语态;2.不定式的功能：不定式的形容词性功能、不定式的副词性功能、不定式的名词性功能;3.不定式的省略;4.不定式的否定形式;5.不定式的搭配形式;6.独立主格结构;7.v-ing分词名词性功能;8.v-ing分词形容词性功能;9.v-ing分词副词性功能;10.过去分词与现在分词一般式的区别;11.过去分词与现在分词主动完成式的区别;12.过去分词与现在分词一般被动式的区别;【知识点归纳】I.概述1.基本形式的变化：不定式：时态主动态被动态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavebuilttohavebeenbuiltJohnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.(一般式的主动态)Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.(一般式的被动态)Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.(进行式)Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.(完成式主动态)Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.(完成式的被动态)v-ing形式时态主动态被动态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone注意：不及物动词没有被动式动名词Iamsureofhiscomingintime.(一般式主动态)(=Iamsurethathewillcomeintime)Heisproudofbeingselectedasmonitor.(一般式被动态)(=Heisproudthatheisselectedasmonitor.)I’mconfidentofhishavingpassedtheexam.(完成式主动态)(=Iamconfidentthathehavepassedtheexam.)Hecomplainedofhavingbeencheatedbyothers.(完成式被动态)现在分词Hesatinachair,readinganovel.(一般式主动态)Beingexhaustedbywork,hefellasleepquickly.(一般式被动态)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentplaying.(完成式主动态)Allthishavingbeensettled,hewenthome.(完成式被动态)2.所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语动词的ing形式现在分词△△△△动名词△△△△不定式△△△△△△过去分词△△△△注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。II.基本知识1.动词不定式在句中充当的成分①作主语。Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Tomakemoneyisnottheonlypurposeofourlife.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的在很多情况下，常用it来充当动词不定式的形式主语。ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。②作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)Hemanagedtopasstheexam.他成功地通过了考试。Hepromisedtobehereatnine.他答应9点钟到这儿。Ididn’texpecttoseeyouhere.我没有料到在这儿见到你。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。Heconsidereditbettertoleavenow.他认为最好现在就离开。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime.我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。③作定语(常置于名词之后)。由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语;不定式还可用作名词代词的的宾语(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something)Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.他总是最后一个离开办公室。Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。Ihavenodesiretotravel.You’llfindsomethingtointerestyouhere.注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。Ihaven’tdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.④作状语Iwalkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.(不至于跌倒)(表目的)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.(表结果)Hetriedonlytofail.(结果没有成功)Shewashappytohearthenews.(表原因)不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,reluctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.Frenchisdifficulttolearn.法语难学。I’msorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.⑤作独立副词成分。Tospeakfrankly,Idon’tlikeyourattitude.⑥与疑问词连用。疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.什么时候出发还没有定。Theproblemishowtogetthereontime.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。注意：①在有些动词后常用疑问词+动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know,ask,tell,show,wonder,consider,understand,learn,instruct,guess,see,explain,discover,imagine,think,hear等。Hedidn’tknowwhattodonext.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertogotoJapan.我没有决定是否到日本去。②不定式的复合结构由for+名词或代词+动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。ItisnecessaryforyoutofinishtheworkbeforeFriday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。Hisideaisforustotravelindifferentcars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。由of引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave,careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。It’skindofyoutosayso.It’sbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby!你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿③不带to的动词不定式▲在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition.老师常常让我把作文重写。将该句转换成被动语态：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.Iheardhersaythatshewasfedup.▲在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。I’dbettergonow,orI’llmissthetrain.Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.我只好接受他的建议。▲在except,but之前有动词do作实义动词，则except,but后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。Wehavenochoicebuttowait.我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.Thereisnothingtodobutto(to可省略)readabook.▲在why,whynot结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带toWhyarguewithhim?Whynotsendthosebooksback?为什么不把那些书送回去?2.动名词在句中充当的成分①作主语Askingforhelpissometimesnecessary.请求帮助有时是必要的。Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth.吃得太多对你的健康不利。Teachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower.②作补语、表语Seeingisbelieving.Wecallsuchanactcheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。③作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语建议冒险去献身：advise,suggest,risk,devoteoneselfto忍受期待不停顿：bear/stand(忍受),lookforwardto,stop放弃延期悔失去：giveup,delay,putoff,regret,miss坚持欣赏(想)要(实)践(完)成：keep(on)/insiston/stickto,enjoy/appreciate,feellike,practice,finish注意原谅避反对：payattentionto,excuse,escape,avoid,objectto考虑要求不自禁：consider,require,cannothelp允许习惯不介意：forbid;permit,be/getusedto/beaccustomedto,mind值得开始想动名：beworth,setabout,imagineThemotherdidagreetolettheboyriskswimmingacrosstheriver.冒险游过河Hiswifedoesn'tallowsmokinginsidetheroom