Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in P

Chapter13SentimentalismandPre-RomanticisminPoetrySentimentalismPre-RomanticismSentimentalismInthemiddleofthe18thcentury,theenlightenedpeoplewerediscontentwithsocialreality.Theyappealedtosentimentandturnedtothecountrysideformaterial.TheyshowedsinceresympathyforthepoorpeasantsSentimentalism:isaliteralmovementinthemiddleofthe18thcenturyinEnglandwhichconcentratesonthedistressedofthepoorunfortunateandvirtuouspeopleanddemonstratesthateffusiveemotionwasevidenceofkindnessandgoodness.Itrevealsgrief,painsandtears.ThemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalistsareLaurenceSterne（劳伦斯.斯特恩)whowroteASentimentalJourneythroughFranceandItaly(1768)《在法国和意大利的感伤旅行》，whichrevealsapurelyemotionalapproachtolifeonthepartofthenarrator.ThomasGray’sElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》isalsothemodelofsentimentalistpoetry.感伤主义文学是18世纪60年代至80年代末发生在英国的一股文学潮流。产业革命以后，现实矛盾加剧，人们开始对理性社会产生怀疑，但又无可奈何，只得寄希望于艺术和情感来表达对现实的不满和逃避。感伤主义这一潮流在文学形式方面将欧洲带入一个新阶段。它是19世纪初欧洲声势浩大的浪漫主要以文学运动的先驱，感伤主义是因英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤旅行》而得名,该部小说表达了作者对待生活完全感情化的态度。从文艺思潮流派上说，感伤主义反对古典主义和唯理主义。它与唯理主义所提倡的个人服从王权的观点截然相反，特别注重寝达个人生活之中的情感。这种情感，主要是哀怨忧伤，多愁善感。因此，感伤主义具有情感性、伤感性、敏感性。在感伤主义者看来，文学的体裁并没有什么高雅和粗俗之分。被古典主义者看成不登大雅之堂的散文、抒情诗、信简，随笔、日记、自传和小说，则成了感伤主义流派常用的文学样式。ThomasGray(1716—1771)Life:Thebestpoetinthe“GraveyardSchool”Works:AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)GraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentation(悲叹,哀悼)ormeditationonlife.Pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.托马斯·格雷（1716—1771）的《墓园哀田》（1750）是“墓园诗派”的代表作，格雷因为这首诗，成为英国最著名的诗人之一。在死亡的低沉基调里，诗人表达了对平民的深切同情，对“贵人们”的谴责。格雷的诗作采用古典主义诗歌形式，但在精神上显露了浪漫主义气息，韵律优美。19世纪的诗人大多受过格雷的启迪或感染。AliteraltrendintheEnglishliteratureofthelatterhalfofthe18thcenturywhichcomposestheromancedevotedtothemedievaltimes.WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsaretworepresentativesofpre-romanticistsPre-romanticism(先浪漫主义）WilliamBlake威廉.布莱克（1757-1827）英國浪漫主義畫家、詩人兼雕刻家/版画家AForerunneroftheRomanticpoetryofthe19thcentury(浪漫詩人先驅之一)Blake’sArtSufferedinhislastyears“thatSicknesstowhichthereisnoname.”Probablybiliarycirrhosis（胆汁性肝硬化）Causedbyprolongedexposuretothefumesproducedwhenacidisappliedtocopperplates(抗酸性的漆在銅版上寫作及繪畫設計时散发出的烟雾和气味)ThiswasoneofhismethodsofengravingIllustratedmostofhispoemsaswellasthoseofotherwritersPrintedmostofhispoetryhimselfWorksPoetryLyricSongofInnocence《天真之歌》SongofExperience《经验之歌》PropheticTheFrenchRevolution《法兰西革命》ProseTheMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》SongsofInnocenceandExperience《純真與經驗之歌》1794年集結成冊揭露人類靈魂的兩個對立面兒童文學的先驅預告了往後日趨神秘晦澀的詩學發展自然天成與人為藝術的對立透過孩童口吻來描繪殘酷現實「純真」→透过孩童的眼光敘述未被社會污染的纯洁状态「經驗」→讽刺令人失望的現实世界LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?Gavetheelife,andbidtheefeedBythestreamando'erthemead;Gavetheeclothingofdelight,Softestclothing,woolly,bright;Gavetheesuchatendervoice,Makingallthevalesrejoice?LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?!小羔羊，誰創造了你？你可知道誰創造了你？給予你生命，並把你餵養，在小溪旁，在草地上，給你美麗的衣服穿，最漂亮，又最溫暖給你最溫柔親切的聲音讓所有山谷高興歡欣小羔羊，誰創造了你？你可知道誰創造了你？TheLambLittleLamb,I'lltellthee,LittleLamb,I'lltellthee:Heiscalledbythyname,ForhecallshimselfaLamb;Heismeekandheismild,Hebecamealittlechild:Iachild,andthoualamb,Wearecalledbyhisname.Littlelamb,Godblessthee!Littlelamb,Godblessthee小羔羊，我要告訴你小羔羊，我要告訴你他是以你的名字命名因為他以羔羊爲自己的名他既溫順又和藹變成了一個小孩我是小孩，你是小羊我們都以祂的名字叫羔羊小羔羊，上帝祝福你！小羔羊，上帝祝福你！Alittleblackthingamongthesnow:风雪里一个满身乌黑的小东西Cryingweep,weep,innotesofwoe!“号呀，号”在那里哭哭啼啼！Wherearethyfather&mother?say?“你的爹娘上哪儿去了，你讲讲？”Theyarebothgoneuptothechurchtopray.“他们呀都去祷告了，上了教堂。TheChimneySweeper(扫烟囱孩子)BecauseIwashappyupontheheath,“因为我原先在野地里欢欢喜喜，Andsmil‘damongthewinterssnow:我在冬天的雪地里也总是笑嘻嘻,Theyclothedmeintheclothesofdeath他们就把我拿晦气的黑衣裳一罩，Andtaughtmetosingthenotesofwoe.他们还叫我唱起了悲伤的曲调。AndbecauseIamhappy&dance&sing,“因为我显得快活，还唱歌，还跳舞，Theythinktheyhavedonemenoinjury:他们就以为并没有把我害苦，AndaregonetopraiseGod&hisPriest&King,就跑去赞美了上帝、教士和国王，Whomakeupaheavenofourmisery.夸他们拿我们苦难造成了天堂。”TheMarriageofHeavenandHell(p200)RobertBurns(1759-1796)OutlineofthelectureBriefintroductionofBurnsandhispoetryPoemappreciation:Ared,redroseSummary:FeaturesofBurns’poetryAppreciation:“daysoflongago”RobertBurnsanexcellentnativepoetofScotlandhispoemswrittenintheScottishdialect;manylyricspraisingnature,love,andfriendship,suchas“ARed,RedRose,”“一朵红红的玫瑰”“Myheart’sintheHighland”“我的心呀在高原“.His“”(OldLongAgo)“友誼地久天長”whichhavebeensungasapartingsonginmanyplacesoftheworldindifferentlanguages.CelebrationofBurnsBurnsSupper（每年的1月25日，苏格兰人民还会举行盛大的欢庆，纪念这位浪漫的诗人）OnJan.25,asBurnsnightHavehaggis(羊肚包杂碎),traditionalScottishfoodPlaypipesPoetryreading朗誦詩歌Burns’CottageinAlloway,ScotlandPoetryofBurnsThepoemsofBurnsarewrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjects.1)Politicalpoems2)Satiricalpoems3)Lyrics(抒情诗）Mainly,3kindsPolitical:“EpistletoJ.Lapraid”“致拉布雷克书”我只求大自然给我一点火种，我所求的学问便全在此中！纵使我驾着大车和木犁，浑身是汗水和泥土，纵使我的诗神穿得朴素，她可打进了心灵深处。commonfeelingsoftheworkingpeopleGivemeaesparO’Nature’sfire,That’sa’thelearningIdesire;Then,thoughItrudgethro’duban’mireatpleughorcart,M