跨文化交际2-larry

CommunicationBetweenCultures7thed.LarryA.SamovarSanDiegoStateUniversity,EmeritusRichardE.PorterCaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach,EmeritusChapter2OverviewTheDeepStructureofCulture•Socialinstitutionsthatidentifyus•Familyasaninstitution,family’sinfluence•Culturalvariantsinfamilies•Country(history)asaninstitution,history’sinfluenceAculture’sdeepstructure…•unifiesaculturemakesituniqueexplainsaculture’scollectiveactionSocialinstitutionsinfluenceinthreeprimaryareas:•family•state(community,country,history)•religion(spirituality,worldview)Enduringqualityofmajorinstitutions•Transmitwisdom,traditions,customsthatmakeacultureunique•Unfortunately,mayalsoextendbitterness,distrust,hatredsExamplesofculturalclashesduetodifferencesindeepstructurebeliefs•AmericanIndiansprotestingsportsmascots•OngoinghatredofKurdsinTurkey,Iran,Iraq•Albanians’independencefromSerbiainKosovo•HanChinesevsMuslimHuiinChina•EthniccleansinginDarfurCultures’differingviewsonrelationsbetween…•Godandman•individualandgroup•citizenandstate•parentsandchildren•manandwoman/husbandandwifeandrelativeimportanceof…•rightsandresponsibilities•libertyandauthority•equalityandhierarchyHuntingtonIdentityislearnedthroughsocialization•Varietyofidentitiesbasedon“I”/basedon“we”•Ethnicandculturalidentitiesviewswesharewithourin-groups•Membershipinfamily,faith,communityidentifiesusFamilyasaninstitution•Firstandchiefsocializingagent•Oldest,mostfundamentalofallhumaninstitutions•Mostbasicunitofsociety,mostbasicunitofgovernment•UniversalFamilydefined•Singledefinitiondifficultduetowidevarietyoffamilyforms•Goodgeneraldefinition:Agroupofintimateswhogenerateasenseofhomeandgroupidentity,completewithstrongtiesofloyaltyandemotionandanexperienceofhistoryandafutureNollerandFitzpatrickFormsoffamilyFamilyoforientation-familyyou’rebornintoFamilyformedwithmate-marriage,lifepartnershipNuclear-two-generation:parent/child•commonindevelopednations•elderlyresideinretirementcommunities,nursinghomes;totakeinagedparentsregardedaseconomicburden,threattohousehold’sprivacy,independence•explorationandcreativityencouragedExtended-includesgrandparents,relatives•commonindevelopingandunderdevelopednations•collectionofrelativesgatheredforeconomicreasons•shareworkloadofraisingthechildren•moreobedience,moreorganizedaroundrulesFoursocialchangeshaveredefinedfamily•Economicchanges•Technologicalinnovations•Demographics•GenderrolesandopportunitiesforwomenU.S.CensusBureauestimatesthatslightlylessthan50%ofallfamiliesarecomposedofmale/femalemarriedcouplesStanfordUniversitystudycalculatesthatmorethan7%ofAmerica’s59millionmarriedcouplesareinterracial(comparedtounder2%in1970)GlobalizationandthefamilyMassmedia•Newtechnologiesofferfamilymembersdifferentsetofvalues•FamiliesstruggletoblendtraditionalpatternswithnewonesMigration•Toescapepoverty,wage-earnersseparatedforlongperiods•Personalclosenessoffamilydeterioratesduetoabsence•CorefamilyvaluesaffectedFunctionsoffamilyReproduction-allowsaculturetoperpetuateitselfEconomic-providingforpracticalneedsSocialization-teachingimportanttraditionsandsocialskillsValuesandreligion-environmentwithinwhichvaluesandmoralsdevelopIdentity-mostimportantsocialidentity;precursortoallothersCommunicationproficiencies-expression,affection,argumentCommunication,culture,andfamilyThinkinggloballyandcross-culturallymeansdevelopinganawarenessofthecontextinwhichfamilieslive:theirculturalpracticesandtraditions,andenvironmentandeconomicresourcestheydoordon’thaveandhowtheseaffecttheirdailylivesCulturalvariantsinfamilies:GenderrolesU.S.•Malessocializedtobesuccessful,aggressive,sexual,self-reliant•Females:nurturing,sensitive,interdependent,appearanceconsciousAsia•Confucianismmademenrelevantmembersofsociety;taskfunctional•Womenrelegatedtosocialdependence;social/culturalfunctionalLatino•Maleundisputedauthority(oldestsonassumesrolewhenfatherabsent)•Motherhoodsacred;womenhomemakersIndian•Hinduismpositionsmasculinityandfemininityasoppositional•Malessuperior;femalesdevotedtohusband’swelfareArab•Islamcharacterizesmalesasphysically,mentally,morallystronger•Koranaddressesmenonly;directswomentoobeyhusbands•Menvalued;womenviewedthroughprismoffamily,honor,chastityWesternizationandglobalizationchanginggenderroles•Womenincreasinglyincorporatedintoworldeconomy•MustguardagainstapplyingWesternstandardstoallCulturalvariantsinfamilies:Individualism/CollectivismDimensionorcontinuumalongwhichculturesplaced•Individualisticculturesvalueindividualovergroupself-motivation,autonomy,independentthinking•Collectivistsshareintensefeelingsofdependence,loyaltycollectiveinterestsofthegroupplacedbeforepersonalharmonysought;disapprovalavoidedCulturalvariantsinfamilies:AgeAge-groupingtheonlyuniversalfactorotherthangenderthatdeterminesaperson’spositioninsocietyU.S.Prefersyouthtooldage,resultinginagebias.Exceptions:NativeAmericanelderssafe-keepers,carriersoftribaloraltraditionsAfricanAmericangrandmothersmostcentralroleinfamilyAsiaDevotion,obligationtopast,elders,ancestorsLatinoElderlyrespectedandcaredforCompadrazgo(godparents)heldinhighesteem,in