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AttributiveClauses定语从句•定从分类有奥妙,限与非限看逗号;•定前必有先行词,名代两类最适宜;•定从先行很紧密,代副两词拉关系;•关系代词有六个,听我逐一来说破;•which表物人用who,人物都有that顾;•定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词即先行词。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。Yang-Liweiisthefirstpersonthat/whowassentintothespaceinourcountry.杨立伟是我国第一个被送进太空的人.ZhouXingchi,whoisacomedian(喜剧演员),ispopularwithmanypeople.1.Yang-Liweiisthefirstpersoninourcountrythat/whowassentintothespace.2.ZhouXingchi,whoisacomedian(喜剧演员),ispopularwithmanypeople.Anydifferencebetweenthesetwosentences?◆定语从句可分为:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句:先行词为一般名词且本身并不具特殊性,可用定语从句加以限制,以加强其特殊性。翻译时,要译成“…的”,先译定语从句,再译先行词。其关系代词前没有逗号。Letmetry!Letmetry!Tomistheonlyboyintheclasswhoaskedforatry.在限制性定语从句中,如果去掉从句,意义就不同了.非限制性定语从句:先行词为专有名词(如Tom、America)或是独一性名词,如father,这类先行词本身就具有特殊性,不必再用定语从句加以限定。这时关系代词前一定要用逗号。在讲话时语调上须停顿。一般不用that引导。翻译时,按顺序翻译。Thisismyfather,whoisnicetome.Thisismyfatherwhoisnicetome.这是我那位对我很好的爸爸。—暗示还有一位或几位爸爸对我不好。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词有:when,where,why,how先行词是物,关系代词用which,也可以用that;先行词是人,关系代词用who,也可以用that;先行词中既有人,又有物,关系代词只能that。定语从句的引导词I.关系代词指人:who,whom,that,whose指物:which,that1.who,whom,whosewho指人,在从句中充当主语。Eg.Yang-Liweiisthefirstpersoninourcountrywhowassentintothespace.Whom指人,在从句中充当宾语,大多数情况下常被省略。Eg.Iknowtheman(whom)youaretalkingabout.Whose是关系代词的所有格。由his,your,their,our,its变化而来。可以指代人或物。若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换。Eg.ShehasanunclewhosenameisPeter.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书。2.whichwhich一般指代物,在从句中既可作主语,亦可作宾语,作宾语时可省略。Eg.Doyoulikethedress(which)Iboughtforyou?HehasacarwhichwasmadeinGermany.3.that可指代人或物,在从句中既可作主语,也可作宾语,作宾语时可省略。但使用that有两个条件:1)逗号后边它不去,2)介词之后不考虑;Eg.Yang-Liweiisthefirstpersoninourcountrythatwassentintothespace.(做主语)Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools(that)hehadvisited.(做宾语)ZhouXingchi,thatisacomedian(喜剧演员),ispopularwithmanypeople.(错)ThisistheknifewiththathekilledMary.(错)使用关系代词三原则:•关系代词之前一定要有先行词;•关系代词在所修饰的定语从句中作主语或宾语;•否则关系代词之前一定要有介词。Eg.HeistheteacherwhomIrespect.HeisthemanwhomIenjoyworking.(yesorNo)→Heisthemanwith/forwhomIenjoyworking.→Heistheman(whom)Ienjoyworkingfor/with.→Heistheman,whomIenjoyworkingfor/with.错Thatwhich代表物,区别听我来叙述;•先行若是不定代,that就把which踹;当先行词为anything,everything,nothing,all,any,much,many,one等不定代词时,只能使用“that”,不用“which”。例:IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?我能为你做点什么吗?•先行词前有两数,就用that定无误;当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时,只能使用“that”,不用“which”。例:ThatisthesecondtimethatIhavebeentoJapan.那是我去日本的第二次。•先行词前最高级,还用that必无疑;当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时,只能使用“that”,不用“which”。例:ThisisthemostwonderfultimethatIhaveeverhad.这是我度过的最美好的时光。•句中若有therebe,that应把which替;例:Thereisnoevidencethatanimalspossessamysterioussixth-senseallowingthemtopredictnaturaldisasters.说动物拥有神秘的第六感,可以预知自然灾害,这是没有根据的。•先行主中做表语,避免重复从句里;例:MrThomsonisnotthemanthathewas.解析:定语从句的先行词在主句中做表语。例:Whichisthecoursethatwearetotake?解析:句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重复用that。•Justtheonlyverysamelast,其后也要用that;)先行词前有Just、theonly、very、same、last等词,关系代词用that,不用which。例:TheNorthPoleistheonlyplacethatyoucanseepolarbears.指人可用thatwho,以下情况多用who;•Those,people做先行,Therebe的结构中;例:Thosewhoarefortheplan,pleaseraiseyourhands.Therewasoncealittleboywhocametothenetbartoplaygameseverynight.•先行指人不定代,从中做主who要在;先行词是指人的不定代词,如one、someone、anyone、nobody等词,或指人的关系代词在定语从句中做主语,要用who,而不用that。Thethiefwhopretendedtobeamanagerwascaughtstealingacar.解析:who指人,在定语从句中做主语。As/which在句末,若有否定as错•as和which都可指代前面一句话,例:Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,_______wehadn'texpected.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what【简析】答案是C。由于非限定性定语从句是否定结构,只能用which引导,不能用as来替代which。•句首只能用as,还有认知猜想词;置于句首时,非限定性定语从句只能用as引导。例:Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.众所周知,月亮每月绕地球一周。与表示认知猜想的词,如know,expect,see,report,连用时,要用as。固定结构用as,thesame/such/so/as;1.在thesame…as….结构中。意思是“像……一样的”。例:Chongqingisnotthesamecityaswehaveseeninotherplaces.注意区分:thesame….that….,ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这正是我所丢的钢笔。(同一)ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。(相似,不是一个)2.在such/as...as结构中,意思是“像……那样的”。例:MathildehadtoworkharddayandnightandboughtsuchadiamondnecklaceasshehadlosttopaybacktoJeanne.马帝尔德不得不日日夜夜地干活,来买一个像被她丢掉的那样的钻石项链还给Jeanne。II关系副词关系副词when/where/why,从中做状莫懈怠;时间用when原因why,地点where经常在;定语从句中的关系副词有四个:when,where,why和how,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点,、理由和方式的名词,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因和方式状语。IwasborninNanchang,inwhichImetJohn.(where)Iwenttothestation,atwhichImetMary.(where)建筑物IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoTianjin.我仍然记得我初次到北京的那天。(onwhich)ThatisthereasonwhyIdidthejob.那就是我为什么干这个活的原因。That’show(theway)hehandledthething.那就是他处理事情的方式。关系副词可替换,介词加上关系代;关系副词可以由介词加上which来替换。例如:1)Thisisthehousewhere(inwhich)Ilivedtwoyearsago.在这句中,where=inwhich2)Doyourememberthedaywhen(onwhich)youjoinedourclub?在这句中,when=onwhich注意:表日子时,用on;表年月或一段时间时,用in;表几时几刻,用at。3)Thisisthereasonwhy(forwhich)hecamelate.在这句中,reason=forwhich注:why只用于修饰thereason4)Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhetalks.(可以)Idon’tlikethewayhowhetalks.(错)注:theway与how无法并存,只能取其一。Idon’tlikethewayhetalks.(佳)关系代,关系代,that与who要除外;挑选介词要聪明,必看动词和先行;Eg.Thepainfromwhichthepoorsufferedinthisareahasattractedtheattentionofthepublic.(sufferfrom)EnglishisausefultoolinwhichIcancommunicatewithforeignfriends.(inEnglish)关系副,关系副,定缺主宾它不住;注意,如果定语从句中所缺的不是状语,而是主语、宾语或表语,就不要用关系副词,而要用关系代词1)Istillrememb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