定语从句是修饰名词的从句,起形容词的作用。定语从句一般由一个先行词或一个关系副词引导,被修饰的名词称为先行词。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词关系代词that代表人或物,作从句的主语或宾语,只引导限制性定语从句which代表物,作从句的主语或宾语,可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句who代表人,作从句的主语whom代表人,作从句的宾语as代表物,常与same,such配对,或单独引导特殊定语从句关系副词when其先行词是表示时间的词where其先行词是表示地点的词why其先行词是reasonas其先行词是作状语的词组限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句对先行词提供不少的信息,明确先行词的意义,限制先行词的适用范围,是句子表达意思不可缺少的组成部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确。从结构上看,限定性从句不能用逗号与先行词分开。例句:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。Allthatcanbedonemustdone.凡能做的事都必须做。Themanwhospokewasmybrother.讲话的那个人是我的弟弟。ThatisthemanwhomImetinBeijinglastyear.他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人。Thisisacollegewhosestudentsareallwomen.这是一所清一色女生的学校。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词或整个句子的补充说明,或提供更多的信息。删去非限制性从句,主句的意思仍然概念清晰,结构完整。非限制性定语从句与主句之间必须用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略。例如:Mybrother,whomyoumettheotherday,hasgoneabroad.前天你遇见的我的那个兄弟,出国去了。Iwanttobuythehouse,whichhasagarden.我想买下这一座房子,因为它有个花园。Wevisitedthesmalltown,whereIwenttoprimaryschool.我们参观了那个小镇,我小学就是在那里上的。YouhadbetterconsultDr.Smith,whoisapsychologist.你最好去找史密斯博士询问一下,他是心理学家。关系代词和关系副词的使用that既可以代表人,又可代表物。一.只用that,不用which的情况1.当先行词是不定代词all,everything,anything,nothing,much,few,little,none,theone等时;Allthatcanbedonehasbedone.2.当先行词有all,any,few,no,only,little,much等不定代词修饰时;Heansweredfewquestionsthatteacherasked.3当先行词被序数词(first,last,next等)或形容词最高级修饰时;Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistoworkoutaplan.4.当先行词前面有thevery,theonly,thesame等词修饰时;Theonlythingthatimpressesmeisherdirectness.5.当先行词是两个并列的词组,且一个指人,一个指物时;Theyaretalkingaboutthepersonsandthingsthatsawinthefactory.6.当先行词是表语时或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时;Chinaisnotthecountrythatitwas.7.为了避免重复,主句中已经有疑问词which;WhichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina?8.在therebe句型中;Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.二.只用which不用that的情况:1.在非限制性定语从句中;Theyhavethreehouses,whicharebuiltofstone.2.当关系代词前面有介词时;Thisistheroominwhichtheylive.三.在定语从句中,who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语四.Whose为关系代词所有格,系由his,her,their,my,your以及its等所有格变化而成,无论先行词是“人”或“物”都可用whose。如果先行词是事物时除了可以用whose,还可用ofwhich。Thebookwhosecoverisblueismine.=Thebookofwhichthecoverisblueismine.五.when,where,why引导的定语从句在从句中作状语IshallneverforgetthedaywhenNewChinawasfounded.Theschoolwhere(inwhich)Iworkisnotfarfromhere.Wedonotknowthereasonwhyhedidnotcome.六.as引导的定语从句1.作主语Shewasabsent,asisoftenthecase.2.作宾语AsIsaidinmylastletter,IamtakingtheexaminJuly.3.作表语Heseemedaforeigner,asinfacthewas.七.特别注意1.在非限制性定语从句中介词要放在关系代词前Hisnewcar,forwhichhepaid10,000dollars,hasalreadyhadtoberepaired.2.theway从句中使用的关系代词Thewayinwhichcomputerscanbeusedtoimproveourlifeisindefinite.=Thewaythatcomputerscanbeusedtoimproveourlifeisindefinite.=Thewaycomputerscanbeusedtoimproveourlifeisindefinite.3.在非正式场合,可将reason或why省略,若将reason省略,剩下的why从句就成为名词从句Idonotseereasonwhyyouwerelate.=Idonotseethereasonyouwerelate.=Idonotseewhyyouwerelate.从属连词that只起连接作用,无词义,在从句中不充当任何成分whether作“是否”解,不充当从句的任何成分if作“是否”解,不充当从句中的任何成分疑问代词what作“什么”,“···的”解,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语which作“哪个”解,在从句中作主语、宾语或定语who“谁”,“那···的人”,在从句中作主语whom“谁”,在从句中作宾语疑问副词when“在···的时候”,在从句中作状语where“什么地方”,“在哪里”,“···的地方”,作状语why“为什么”,“···的理由”,做状语how“如何”,作状语主语从句由that引导的主语从句置于句首,在从句中不作任何成分,也没有实际意义Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall。形式主语替代主语从句1、It+系动词+形容词+that从句Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure。在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句注意:“Itisnecessary/important/surprising/strange/unthinkable/unbelievable/incredible+that从句”结构中,从句常用“should+动词原形”形式,其中should可省略。Itisnecessarythatacollegestudent(should)masteroneortwoforeignlanguages。2、It+系动词+名词+that从句Itisourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace。3、It+be+动词的-ed形式+that从句Itisgenerallyconsideredthatboysarebetteratsciencethangirls.4、It+特殊动词+that从句Itseemstomethatyouobjecttotheplan.Whether引导的主语从句可置于句首,if一般不引导主语从句。Whetherhecanfinishhistaskontimeisofgreatimportant.wh-类连接副词或连接代词引导的主语从句可放于句首也可以放于句尾,放于句首需要用形式主语替代wh-从句。表语从句1、that类表语从句Thepointisthatwecan’tconvincethecourtofhisguilt.注意:主语是表示“计划、建议、要求、命令”等的词,如suggestion,advice,order,demand等时,表语从句的谓语动词常用”should+动词原形”,should可以省略。在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句2、Whether类表语从句Thepointiswhetherweshouldweshouldlendhimthemoney.3、Wh-词类引导的表语从句大多数表示疑问,偶尔表示陈述。Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.4、As/asif/asthough类表语从句此类表语从句常跟在特定动词后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.注意:Asif/asthough引导的表语从句时,在表示与事实不符的情况下用虚拟语气。Itlooksasifsheweredrunk.5、because类的表语从句That’becausehedidn’tunderstandme.同位语从句常用的引导词主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when等。If一般不引导同位语从句。在同位语从句中that,whether不作成分,whether表示“是否”,其他连接词具有实义,同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。Thereportthathewasgoingtoresignwasfalse.同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句,它所修饰的词称为先行词。1、that引导的同位语从句Thenewsthatourwomenvolleyballteamhadwonthechampionshipencouragedusallgreatly.2、wh-类引导的同位语从句Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration.3、同位语从句的语气在suggestion,advice,request,order,demand,requirement等意为“建议,命令,要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。宾语从句宾语从句可以分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词有:that,if/whether,wh-类。that类引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时无词义,不作任何成分,口语中一般可以省略。例如:Ithink(that)youshouldturntotheteacherforhelp.在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。If/whether引导的宾语从句If/whether引导宾语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分,但有具体的含义“是否”,if/whether不能省略。例如:Nobodyknowsif/wh