Groupmembers:敖廷亚孙明娇1、2、3、WriterBackgroundFreeTalk4、AnlysisofIhaveadreamInthemiddleof1950sto1960sBlackAmericanfaceracialdiscriminationandracialoppression,andsocialequalityrightsofmassstruggleforpoliticalandeconomicmovement.In1955,Montgomery,Alabamablackagainstbussegregation•In1961and1962,arethefocusofthecivilrightsmovementagainstapartheidandonabusforsouthernblackstherighttovote.Culmination(高潮)ofmovementin1963•1.In1863,PresidentLincolnissuedtheemancipationproclamation.Civilwarbegan.••2.Civilwarendedin1865.PresidentAbrahamLincolnwaskilled.AmendmentstotheU.S.constitution,article13proclaimedslaverywasnotlegal.••3.In1868theU.S.constitution14thamendmentgivingallAfricanAmericanblackcivilrights.••4.Blackmenin1870wontherighttovote.••5.In1896theSupremeCourtruledsegregationunconstitutional••6.1955parks,blackwomeninAlabamaMontgomeryabus,refusedtogiveupherseattoawhite,theresultswerearrested,••7.In1963,MartinLutherKingwasarrestedduringdemonstrationsinAlabama.HewasinWashingtonIhaveadreamspeech.••8.In1964PresidentJohnsonsignedtheCivilRightsAct,cancelthepublicpolicyofapartheid.MartinLutherKingJr.wasawardedtheNobelpeaceprize.AbrahamLincoln(1809-1865)the16thpresidentoftheUnitedStates.PresidentLincoln'ssignedEmancipationProclamationin1863,blackgetequalrightsconferredbytheemancipationproclamation.Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfreeWhofoughtforthefreedomofblacks?JohnBrownHarrietTubmanMartinLutherKingNelsonMandelaboycottmarchspeechFightingforgoodhousingconditionsandmorechancesforjobsforblackpeopleRosaParksrefusedtogiveherseattoawhitemanandwasarrested.In1963,Kingmadeaspeech“Ihaveadream”totheblackpeoplemarchingonW.D.C.3examplesWhathappenedinthefollowingtime?192919551963196419651968KingwasbornHeledtheboycottofthebuscompany.Givethespeech“Ihaveadream”KingreceivedtheNobelPrizeVotingRightsBillbecamelawKingwasmurderedCivilRightsActwaspassedMartinLutherKingAnlysis1、Glossories2、Structure3、Figureofspeech4、PresentationskillsScanthewholepassage(5mins)•youshouldfindout.....•1.thedifficutewords•2.thestructureofthepassage•3.thefamiliarfigureofspeechGlossories:•EmancipationProclamation•n.解放奴隶宣言(美国南北战争时期的)•searv.烧焦•manaclen.手铐•promissory[美]['prɒməˌsoʊrɪ]adj.应允的,承诺的,约定的•inalienableadj.不能转让,不可分割的•defaultv.vi.受传唤时未出庭;vt.未履行,拖欠;n.未履行•revolt[美][rɪˈvolt]vt.(使)厌恶vi.反叛,背叛;厌恶,反感n.造反•majesticadj.宏伟的;壮丽的;庄重的;磅礴•inextricably[美][ˌɪnɪkˈstrɪkəbli]adv.逃不掉地;解决不了地;形影不离地;不可解脱•ghetton.少数民族的集中住宅区;犹太人区;限制区,分离区;贫民区•slumn.贫民窟•redemptive[美][rɪˈdemptɪv]adj.赎回的,挽回的,用于补偿的•creedn.信条,纲领•nullification[美][ˌnʌləfə'keɪʃən]n.无效;废弃;取消;使无价值•exalt[美][ɪɡˈzɔlt]vt.提高,提升;赞扬;使得意;加强•prodigious[美][prəˈdɪdʒəs]adj.异常的,惊人的;巨大的,庞大的•curvaceous[美][kɜ:r'veɪʃəs]adj.口(尤指妇女)体型富于曲线美的•AnlysisstructureIngroupoffourthinkabout(2mins):•Howmanypartsshouldwedivideit?•What'sthemainideaofeachpart?•AnlysisStructure•Part1(1-6)thereasonwhytheymarchtoWashington•Part2(6-10)Theaimsandstratagesofthismarch•Part3(11-19)King'sdreamFigureofspeech•Whattypeofithadwelearn?•1)明喻(simile)•2)隐喻(metaphor)•3)拟人(personification)•(1)明喻(simile)•明喻表明用作比喻和被比喻两个不同种类事物之间的相似点所作的比喻,这两个不同种类的对象通常•一个是抽象的,另一个是具体的。明喻的比喻是明显的,并通常用like或as来引导,如:•ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeen•searedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.(这项重要法令的颁布,对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴,•犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔。)•2)隐喻(metaphor)•隐喻也是在两个不同种类对象之间的比喻,它与明喻不同的地方是,隐喻不用比喻词,而是直接把本•体说成是喻体,它是一种“被浓缩了的明喻”,具体地说,隐喻表示的是“AisB”(A是B)。•在该演讲词中,隐喻也被广泛运用。如:•Insteadofhonoringthissacredobligation,AmericahasgiventheNegropeopleabadcheck,whichhascome•backmarked“insufficientfunds”.(美国没有承兑这笔神圣的债务,而是开始给黑人一张空头支票——一张•盖着“资金不足”的印戳被退回的支票。)•3)拟人(personification)•拟人是把物(包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念)拟作人,使其具有人的外表、个性或情感。拟人可•通过形容词、动词或名词表现出来。如:•ItisobvioustodaythatAmericahasdefaultedonthispromissorynoteinsofarashercitizensofcolorare•concerned.(然而,今天美国显然对她的有色公民拖欠着这张期票。)•4)转喻(metonymy)•转喻指的是用某个属性的或暗示的词代替真正要表示的东西或人物,如:•Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterial•prosperity.(一百年后,黑人依然生活在物质繁荣瀚海的贫困孤岛上。)syntacticallysay•排比(parallelism)•排比是把结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的几个词组或句子并列使用。•Wecanneverbesatisfiedaslongasourbodies,heavywiththefatigueoftravel,cannotgainlodginginthe•motelsofthehighwaysandthehotelsofthecities.WecannotbesatisfiedaslongastheNegro'sbasicmobilityis•fromasmallerghettotoalargerone.WecanneverbesatisfiedaslongasaNegroinMississippicannotvoteandaNegroinNewYorkbelieveshehasnothingforwhichtovote.•(只要黑人依然是不堪形容的警察暴行恐怖的牺牲品,我们就决不会满意。只要我们在旅途劳顿后,却被公路旁汽车游客旅社和城市旅馆拒之门外,我•们就决不会满意。只要黑人的基本活动范围只限于从狭小的黑人居住区到较大的黑人居住区,我们就决不会满意。只要我们的孩子被“仅供白人”的牌子剥夺个性,损毁尊严,我们就决不会满意。只要密西西比州的黑人不能参加选举,纽约州的黑人认为他们与选举毫不相干,我们就决不会满意。)•2.重复(repitition)是在演讲中让同一单词或同一短语或同一个句子再次或多次出现,为达到强调、明晰、幽默、讽刺、•呼吁、激情等效果的一种修辞手段。例如:“Wecanneverbesatisfied..(重复六次),“Ihaveadream•…”(重复九次),。Letfreedomring…”(重复十次),Presentationskills•1语音层面•Iam,cannot,letus都是以完整的形式出现,而不是日常口语中的缩略现•象。缩略词的减少使语言显得更加正式、严肃。•金牧师在演讲时还有意将元音拉长,•反复强调主题I—ha—vea—drea—m通过语音手段加以强化,给听众留下更深的印象,从而在感情上产•生共鸣。Presentationskills•人称代词(pron.)的运用•Howmanyweinthelastsentance?•演讲中,使用最多的代词是第一人称代•词,即I(me)和we(us),其次是第二人称you,第三人称则使用较少•马丁·路德·金是代表美国的有•色人种争取权利的平等,用we(us)将美国的有色人种和其他美国