Unit02 Consonants：Stops

Unit2LessonPlan(WithNotesforTeachers)Consonants:StopsDate:Sept.23-27Class:Classes1,2&3,Grade2002Subject:EnglishPronunciationforCommunicationPurpose:ThestudentswilllearnthestopconsonantsinEnglish.Objectives:Studentswillbeableto:1.Define-intheirownwordsadefinitionfor“stops”;2.Compare–basedontheunderstandingofthebasicconcept,comparestopsandotherconsonants;3.Practice–imitatethesoundsanddopractice.Resources/Materials:1.Textbook:Wang,Guizhen,AnEnglishPronunciationCourse,HigherEducationPress,Beijing,2000;2.Handouts:illustrationofthephonemesinfocus;3.RecordingsofnativespeakersActivitiesandProcedures:1.Stimulating:Beginbyaskingtheclasstofindouthowmuchthestudentsknowaboutwhattheyarerequiredtolearn.Makesurethatitservesthepurposeofstimulatingthestudentstothinkabouttheissueandhavethedesiretofindouttheanswersthemselves.2.DisplayexamplesbyplayingtherecordingofthenativespeakersshowingthetypicalpronunciationinEnglish.3.Askthestudentstolistentothetapestomakeagooddiscriminationofthesoundsinfocus.4.Havethestudentsimitatethesoundinfocus.5.Havethestudentssharewhattheyhavelearnedbyreadingoutthepracticematerialsinpairs.6.HavethestudentslistentotheconversationsrecordedbynativespeakersofEnglishandtrytogetthesoundsinfocuscorrectintheirpronunciation.7.Havethestudentspracticetheguidedconversation.Askthemtopayspecialattentiontothesoundsinfocusinspeech.8.Highlightthelanguagefunctionintheconversationinthepractice.9.Haveseveralpairsofthestudentspresenttheirconversationintheclass.10.Commentonthestudents’performancebyhighlightingtheachievementofthestudentsandtheeffortstheyneedfortheimprovement.11.Askthestudentstodomorepracticeafterclassandgetreadyforpresentationduringthenextsession.NotesforTeachersConsonants:StopsInthisunit,wewilllearnthestopconsonantsinEnglish.Thestopconsonantsaremadebycompletelystoppingtheairflowatsomepointinthemouthandthen,formostproductions,releasingitintothesoundthatfollows.TherearesixstopsinEnglish:/p/and/b/areformedbythelips,/t/and/d/aremadeonthegumridgebehindtheupperteeth,and/k/and//occuratthebackofthemouthwherethetonguemakesawealwiththesoftpalate./p/,/t/,/k/arevoicelessstopsastheyarenotaccompaniedbyvibrationfromthelarynx,while/b/,/d/,//arethevoicedstops.ThesestopsareamongthemostfrequentsoundsinEnglishandhavefairlyconsistentspellings./p/and/b/Youpronouncethe/p/and/b/bystoppingtheairstreamwithyoulips,buildinguppressureandsuddenlyreleasingtheair.Theycanbeusedatthebeginning,middleandendofwords.Thefollowingaresomeoftheallophonicvariationsof/p/and/b/.Allophonicvariationsof/p/:AllophoneOccurrenceExample[p]Aspiratedreleaseininitialwordandstressedpositionspoke[p-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositiontopten[p]Unaspiratedreleaseinclusters,esp.after/s/spot[p:]Lengthening,whenanarresting/p/isfollowedbyareleasing/p/StopPete.[p]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalStophim.Allophonicvariationsof/b/:AllophoneOccurrenceExample[b-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositionrob[b:]lengthenedwhenanarresting/b/isfollowedbyareleasing/b/RobBob.[b]Nasalresonance,beforeasyllabicnasalRobhim./t/and/d/The/t/soundisoneofthemostfrequentinEnglishandoccurinallthreepositionsatthewordlevel.Ithasmanyvariationsandisaveryinterestingandproductivesoundinthelanguage./d/isnotasfrequentinEnglishnordoesithavethenumberofvarietiesthat/t/has.Youpronouncethembyblockingtheairstreamwiththetongueanduppergumridge,buildingupairpressureandsuddenlyreleasingit.Thefollowingaresomeoftheallophonicvariationsof/t/and/d/:Allophonicvariationsof/t/:AllophoneOccurrenceExample[t]Aspiratedreleaseinwordinitialandstressedpositionstape[t-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositioncoat[t]Unaspiratedreleaseinconsonantcluster,esp.with/s/stop[t]Dentalizedbefore//eighth[t]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbutton[]Flapped,intervocalicallyletter[]Glottalstop,beforesyllabic[n]or[l]button[t:]Lengthening,whenanarresting/t/isfollowedbyareleasing/t/letTim[tr]Affricationofinitialposition/tr/trainAllophonicvariationsof/d/:AllophoneOccurrenceExample[d]Dentalizedbeforeaninterdentalwidth[d-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositiondad[dl]Bilateralreleasewith/l/padlock[d]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbread'nbutter[]Flapped,intervocalicallyladder[d:]Lengthening,whenanarresting/d/isfollowedbyareleasing/d/sadDave[d3r]Affricationofinitialposition/dr/drain/k/and//Youproduce/k/and//byblockingthebreath-streamwiththebackofthetongueandsoftpalate,buildingupthepressure,andsuddenlyreleasingit.Thehard-c,asincat,andtheletterkaccountformostofthespellingsof/k/,butthereisalsoasilent-kinwordssuchasknowandknight.Thespellingof//isconsistentinEnglish,althoughthereisasilentversioninwordssuchasgnashandgnat.Both/k/and//canoccuratthebeginning,middle,andendofwordsinEnglish.Thefollowingaresomeoftheallophonicvariationsof/k/and//:Allophonicvariationsof/k/:AllophoneOccurrenceExample[k]Aspiratedreleaseinwordinitialandstressedpositionskeep[k-]Unreleasedinwordfinalpositiontake[k]Unaspiratedreleaseinconsonantcluster,esp.with/s/sky[k:]Lengthening,whenanarresting/k/isfollowedbyareleasing/k/takeKim[k]Nasalrelease,beforeasyllabicnasalbeacon[kl]Bilateralreleasewit