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名词解释：1.thedominantAmericancultureThedominantAmericancultureisEnglish-speaking,WesternEuropean,Protestantandmiddle-classincharacter,withthebasicculturalvaluesasfreedom,equalityanddesiretoworkhardforahigherstandardofliving.美国的主流文化是讲英语的、西欧的、新教的和中产阶级的，他们的基本文化价值观是自由、平等和渴望为更高水平的生活而努力工作。2.theBillofRightsin1791(USA)Whentheconstitutionwasfirstdrawnupin1787,nothingwasmentionedabouttherightsofindividuals.Then,in1791,thefirst10amendments,thewell-knownBillofRights,werecreated,toguaranteecitizensofAmericaspecificindividualrightsandfreedoms,suchasfreedomofspeechandpressandsoon.1787宪法第一次起草时，没有提到个人的权利。然后，在1791，最初的10项修正案，即著名的权利法案成立，以保障美国公民的具体个人权利和自由，如言论自由和新闻自由等。3.theimplicationof“meltingpot”and“saladbowl”IntheearlyyearstheUnitedStatesisoftencalleda“meltingpot”forthatvariousracialandethnicgroupsareassimilatedintotheAmericanculture.However,itisregardedasa“saladbowl”nowadayswhichmeansthatimmigrantsofdifferentbackgroundsmixharmoniouslywhileatthesametimekeeptheirdistinctcultureandcustoms.在早期，美国经常被称为“熔炉”，因为各种种族和族裔群体都被同化到美国文化中。然而，它现在被视为一个“色拉碗”，意味着不同背景的移民和谐相处，同时保持其独特的文化和风俗习惯。4.theidealsofAmericanEducationTheidealsofAmericanEducationincludeseveralparts:thefirstidealisthatasmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywant,thesecondisproducingasocietyofliteracyandlocalcontrol;thethirdisaboutthebasicnatureofknowledgeandlearning.Educationisbothanindividualbenefitandasocialnecessity.EveryAmericanhastherightandobligationtobecomeeducated.美国教育的理想包括几个部分：第一个理想是，尽可能多的人能够得到他们想要的教育，第二个是建立一个识字和地方控制的社会；第三个是知识和学习的基本性质。教育既是个人利益又是社会需要。每个美国人都有权利和义务接受教育。5.theessenceofAmericanPuritanismAmericanPuritanismstressespredestination,originalsin,totaldepravityandlimitedatonementorthesalvationofaselectedfewwhowouldreceiveGod’sgrace.美国清教主义强调预定、原罪、完全堕落和有限的救赎，或是少数接受上帝恩典的少数人的拯救。6.theEmancipationProclamationTheEmancipationProclamationwasissuedbyLincolnaftertheCivilWarbegan,towinmoresupportathomeandabroad.ItgrantedfreedomtoallslavesinareasstillcontrolledbytheConfederacy.解放宣言是林肯在内战开始后颁布的，在国内外赢得更多的支持。它赋予了在邦联控制的地区所有奴隶的自由。7.thesignificanceoftheMagnaCartaAlthoughmadeintheinterestoftheprivilegedclass,theMagnaCartawasoffreedomoftradeandself-government.Themerchantsandcraftsmenappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.TheMagnaCartaisregardedasthefoundationtheBritishConstitutionstoday.虽然在特权阶级的利益，大宪章是贸易自由和自治。商人和工匠首次作为一种新的政治力量出现。今天大宪章被认为是英国宪法的基础，。8.theModernisminBritishLiteratureModernismprevailedbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itcanbeviewedasadeparturefromtraditionandischaracterizedbytheuseofinnovativeformsofexpressions.Modernistwriterexpressesintheirworksthedifficulttheyseeinunderstandingandcommunicatinginreallife.Therefore,modernistwritingseemsdisorganizedandhardtounderstand.Itoftenportraystheactionfromtheviewpointofasingleconfuseindividualratherthanfromtheviewpointofanall-knowingimpersonalnarrator.现代主义盛行于第二次世界大战之前。它可以被看作是一种背离传统，其特点是使用创新的表达形式。现代主义作家在作品中表达了他们在现实生活中的理解和交流中所遇到的困难。因此，现代主义写作似乎杂乱无章，难以理解。它常常从一个混乱的个体的角度来描述行动，而不是从一个全知的客观叙述者的观点出发。9.thesignificanceoftheHundredYear’sWarTheHundredYear’sWarwasaseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade,territory,securityandthethrone.IthadasignificantimpactonEnglishsociety.ItpromotedtheconceptofEnglishnationalismandthedevelopmentofthetextileindustry.Italsoraisedthesocialpositionofthebourgeoisclass.百年战争是英国和法国在贸易、领土、安全和王位上进行的一系列战争。它对英国社会产生了重大影响。它促进了英国民族主义的概念和纺织工业的发展。它也提高了资产阶级的社会地位。补充：1.ExplaintheriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire?TheBritishEmpirebeganfromthecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583,andmorecoloniesinCanada,Indian,andmanysmallstateswereincludedby1837.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludeaboutaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandaquarteroftheworld’slandmass,andbecamethelargestcolonialempireintheworldbeforetheWorldWarI,however,inthetwoworldwars,Britainsufferedagreatlossofmanpowerandexhausteditsreservesofgold,poundsandoverseasinvestment.What’smore,mostofitscoloniesgainedindependenceaftertheSecondWorldWar,whichinevitablyledtothefalloftheBritishEmpire.大英帝国于1583从纽芬兰岛殖民开始，包括加拿大、印度和许多小国的殖民地。1837。年底的第十九个世纪，英帝国包括约占全球人口的四分之一和世界1/4的陆地，成为最大的殖民帝国在世界大战之前，但是，在两次世界大战期间，英国遭受了巨大的人力损失殆尽其黄金储备、英镑和海外投资。更重要的是，它的殖民地在第二次世界大战后获得了独立，这必然导致大英帝国的衰落。2.WhatisthecommonwealthofNation?TheCommonwealthofNationsisthesuccessoroftheBritishEmpire.Itisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthesymbolicheadoftheassociation.Itisn’tapoliticalunion,butinorganizationforcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundstointeractcloselyandequallywithallmemberstateshavingfullautonomytomanagetheirowninternalandexternalaffairs,Itaimstoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthofitsmembers.In1949,“British”wasdroppedfromthetitleof“Commonwealth”.英联邦是大英帝国的继承者。这是一个由独立主权国家自愿组成的协会，所有这些国家都承认英国君主是该协会的象征性领袖。这不是一个政治联盟，但在不同的经济背景的国家密切和平等的所有成员国都有充分的自主权，管理自己的内部和外部事务的互动组织，旨在倡导民主、人权和促进经济合作和其成员的成长。1949，“英国”被从“联邦”的头衔中删除。3.WhatmadetheUnitedStatesapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII?Americakeptitsneutralityintheearlystageofthetwoworldwars,whichgreatlyprotectedthecountryagainstthewars,andretainedtheirmilitaryforce.Whileatthesam