美国三权分立的详细说明(英语版)

Class(1)Group()DiscussionNo.(2)Theseparationofpowerandthesystemofchecks-and-balancesinUSAIntroductionItisknowntousthatthepoliticalsystemvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonitsdifferentnationalcondition,suchastheconstitutionalmonarchyofUKandthePeople'sCongresssystemofChina,theseparationofpowerofUS.Duringthisdiscussion,wewilltalkaboutthehowtheAmericangovernmentworksundertheideaofseparationofpowerwhichisassociatedwiththechecksandbalancessystem..BodyAccordingtotheU.S.Constitutiondeclaredthatthegovernmentwasdividedintothreedifferentbranchesincludingalegislative,anexecutiveandajudiciary,inaccordancewiththeideaofseparationofpower.ThisideawascreatedbecausethatAmericansdidnotwantthesepowerstobecontrolledbyjustonemanoronegroup.Theywereafraidthatifasmallgroupreceivedtoomuchpower,theUnitedStateswouldwindupundertheruleofanotherdictatorortyrant.SeparationofpowersisapoliticaldoctrineoriginatinginthewritingsofMontesquieuinTheSpiritoftheLawswhereheurgedforaconstitutionalgovernmentwiththreeseparatebranchesofgovernment.EachofthethreebrancheswouldhavedefinedpowerstochecktheClass(1)Group()DiscussionNo.(2)powersoftheotherbranches.Thisideawascalledseparationofpowers.ThisphilosophyheavilyinfluencedthewritingoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thelegislative,executive,andjudicialbranchesoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentarekeptdistinctinordertopreventabuseofpower.TheUnitedState’sformofseparationofpowersisassociatedwithasystemofchecksandbalances.HowdoestheUnitedStatesdowhenputtingtheideaofseparationofpowerintopractice?Whichdepartmentisresponsibleforthelegislative,executive,andjudicialworkrespectively?Infact,inUSA,thelegislativeisheadedbyCongress;theexecutivebranchheadedbythePresidentandjudicialbranchesheadedbytheSupremeCourt.Ifwehavetouseverysimplewordstodescribetheworkofthesethreebranches,itcanbesummarizedasfollow:theLegislativeBranchmakesthelaw;theExecutiveBranchenforcesandcarriesoutthelaws;TheJudicialBranchinterpretsthelaws.Eachbranchofthegovernmenthaveparticularpowers,itwillbeintroducedfollowed.ThePresident,whoisresponsiblefortheExecutiveBranchcarriesoutfederallawsandrecommendsnewones,directsnationaldefenseandforeignpolicy,andperformsceremonialduties.Themainpowersinclude:Mayvetolawsdealingwithinternationalpowers,ctingaschieflawenforcementofficer,Class(1)Group()DiscussionNo.(2)directinggovernment,commandingtheArmedForces,WageswaratthedirectionofCongress(Congressmakestherulesforthemilitary)Makesdecreesordeclarations(forexample,declaringastateofemergency)promulgateslawfulregulationsandexecutiveordersAppointsjudgesandexecutivedepartmentheadsHaspowertograntpardonstoconvictedpersons,exceptincasesofimpeachmentTheLegislativeBranchisheadedbytheCongress,whichincludestheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.Themaintaskofthesetwobodiesistomakethelaws.ItsmainpowersincludeWritesandenactslawsEnactstaxes,authorizesborrowing,andsetsthebudgetHassolepowertodeclarewarMaystartinvestigations,especiallyagainsttheexecutivebranchTheSenateconsiderspresidentialappointmentsofjudgesandexecutivedepartmentheadsTheSenateratifiestreatiesTheHouseofRepresentativesmayimpeach,andtheSenatemayremove,executiveandjudicialofficersClass(1)Group()DiscussionNo.(2)SetsupfederalcourtsexcepttheSupremeCourt,andsetsthenumberofjusticesontheSupremeCourtMayoverridepresidentialvetoesoriginatingspendingbills(House),impeachofficials(Senate),andapprovetreaties(Senate).HeadedbytheSupremeCourt,Judicialbranchhasthefinalrighttointerpretthelaw,thatistosay,oncetheSupremeCourtdefinesthelaw,theotherdifferentdebateswillbeineffective.ThemainpowersoftheSupremeCourtinclude:interpretingtheConstitution,reviewinglawsdecidecasesinvolvingstates'rights.DetermineswhichlawsCongressintendedtoapplytoanygivencaseDetermineswhetheralawisunconstitutionalDetermineshowCongressmeantthelawtoapplytodisputesDetermineshowalawactstodeterminethedispositionofprisonersDetermineshowalawactstocompeltestimonyandtheproductionofevidenceDetermineshowlawsshouldbeinterpretedtoassureuniformpoliciesinatop-downfashionviatheappealsprocess,butgivesdiscretioninindividualcasestolow-leveljudges.(TheamountofdiscretionClass(1)Group()DiscussionNo.(2)dependsuponthestandardofreview,determinedbythetypeofcaseinquestion.)PolicesitsownmembersNotonlydoeseachbranchofthegovernmenthaveparticularpowerseachbranchhascertainpowersovertheotherbranches.Thisisdonetokeepthembalancedandtopreventonebranchformevergainingtoomuchpower,whichpracticesthesystemofchecks-and-balances.Thiscanbeshowninthesomeaspects:1.WeatheralawispassedornotdecidedbytheCongressTheHouseandSenatemaypassalawthatthePresidentdoesnotlike.ThePresidentcanvetothelawbuttheCongressoverridethevideorequiring2/3voteofbothhouses.2.TheSupremeCourtcandecideweatherthePresidentortheCongressisunconstitutional.IfTheHouseandSenatepassalaw,thePresidentsignsit,buttheSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional,theycanstrikedownthelaw.3.TheappointmentoftheJudgesfortheSupremeCourseisdecidedbyboththePresidentandtheCongressThePresidentnominatesJudgesfortheSupremeCourt;theUSSenatemustapprovetheJudgenomina