自考英语词汇学-第七章课件

英语词汇学Chapter7ChangesinWordmeaning词义的演变7.1TypesofChanges词义变化的类型Word-meaningchangesbymodesofextension,narrowing,degradation,elevation,andtransfer.词义的变化有词义的扩大，词义的缩小，词义的降格，词义的升格及词义的转移。Ofthese,extensionandnarrowingarebyfarthemostcommon.在这几个变化类型中，词义的扩大和缩小是目前最常见的。7.1.1Extension词义的扩大Extensionofmeaning,alsoknownasgeneralization,isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.Itisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.词义的扩大也被称为普遍化，是指词的意义的扩展。这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。AlargeproportionofpolysemicwordsofmodernEnglishhavetheirmeaningsextendedsometimeinthecourseofdevelopment.现在英语中的大多数多义词都是在词义的发展中扩大词义的。Extensionofmeaningisalsofoundinmanytechnicalterms,whichasthetermsuggestsareconfinedtospecializeduse.许多意义有专指的技术术语中也有词义扩大的现象。Wordscommonizedfrompropernounshaveexperiencedthesamesemanticchange.由专有名词转化而来的普通名词也经历了同样的语义变化。7.1.2Narrowing词义的缩小Narrowingofmeaning,alsocalledspecialization,istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.词义的缩小也称为词义的专业化，与词义的扩大相反。这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向演变的过程。Whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.普通名词转化为专有名词时，词义也随之缩小。Foreconomy,somephrasesareshortenedandonlyoneelementoftheoriginal,usuallyanadjective,islefttoretainthemeaningofthewhole.有时为了简洁，有些词组只留下一部分（往往是形容词）来表示整个词组的意思。列兵Thesameistrueofmaterialnouns,whichareusedtorefertoobjectsmadeofthemandthushaveamorespecificsense.物质名词情况也一样，它们被用来指由这种物质构成的物体，因此它们有更具体的含义。7.1.3Elevation词义的的升格Elevationorameliorationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.词义的的升格是指原来表示低微意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义演变过程。7.1.4Degradation词义的降格Degradationorpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.词义的降格与语义的升格相反，这是词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬义的意义的演变的过程。Transfer词义的转移Wordswhichwereusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.词义的转移是指原先指称某一事物的词后来转而指称另一事物的演变过程。Thereisassociatedtransfer,forexample,thelipofawound;thetongueofabell;thenoseofaplane,inwhichthemeaningistransferredthroughassociation.还有一种词义转移叫联想转移。例如，伤口;舌铃;机首等都是通过联想产生的词义转移。7.2CausesofChanges词义变化的原因Therearegenerallytwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaning.一般来说，词义变化有两大主要因素。1Extra-linguisticfactors:非语言因素2linguisticfactors语言因素7.2.1Extra-linguisticfactors:非语言因素1、Historicalreason.历史原因2、Classreason.阶级原因Languageisjustlikeamirror,reflectingeverythingthatexistsinhumansociety.Naturally,itrecordsthespeechandattitudeofdifferentsocialclasses.阶级原因。语言就像一面镜子，反映人类社会存在的一切现象，自然也反映了社会各阶级的言语和态度。3、Psychologicalreason.心理原因Theassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwords,etc.areoftenduetopsychologicalfactors.由联想转移和委婉语引起的词义变化都属于心理原因。7.2.2LinguisticFactors语言因素Thechangeofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem.语言系统的内部因素也可以引起语义的变化。Theinfluxofborrowingshascausedsomewordstochangeinmeaning.大量借词的涌入也引起了一些词的意义变化。thechangeofmeaningisbroughtaboutbyanalogy.类比也产生了词义变化。