The-Psychological-Approach

ThePsychologicalApproach:FreudTheDreamIstheFulfillmentofaRepressedWish.梦是一种被压抑的欲望的象征性满足。SigmundFreud(1856，5-1939，9)wasaJewishAustrianneurologistwhofoundedthepsychoanalyticschoolofpsychiatry.精神分析学派创始人I.MajorTheoriesSpirit精神层次理论Personality人格层次理论Psychosexuality性心理理论DefenseMechanism心理防御机制Psychotherapy心理治疗法Spirit精神层次理论前意识潜意识意识conscious(small):thisisthepartofthemindthatholdswhatyou’reawareof.Youcanverbalizeaboutyourconsciousexperienceandyoucanthinkaboutitinalogicalfashion.preconscious(small-medium):thisisordinarymemory.Soalthoughthingsstoredherearen'tintheconscious,theycanbereadilybroughtintoconscious.unconscious(enormous):Freudfeltthatthispartofthemindwasnotdirectlyaccessibletoawareness.Inpart,hesawitasadumpboxforurges,feelingsandideasthataretiedtoanxiety,conflictandpain.ThesefeelingsandthoughtshavenotdisappearedandaccordingtoFreud,theyarethere,exertinginfluenceonouractionsandourconsciousawareness.ThisiswheremostoftheworkoftheId,Ego,andSuperegotakeplace.意识的冰山理论ThefoundationofFreud’scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche.Likeiceberg,thehumanmindisstructuredsothatitsgreatweightanddensityliebeneaththesurface(belowthelevelofconsciousness)TheStructuralModelofPersonalityAccordingtoFreud’spsychoanalytictheoryofpersonality,personalityiscomposedofthreeelements.Thesethreeelementsofpersonality—knownastheid,theego,andthesuperego—worktogethertocreatecomplexhumanbehaviors.Theidistheonlycomponentofpersonalitythatispresentfrombirth.Thisaspectofpersonalityisentirelyunconsciousandincludesoftheinstinctiveandprimitivebehaviors.AccordingtoFreud,theidisthesourceofallpsychicenergy,makingittheprimarycomponentofpersonality.人格结构的最基本的层次是本我（id），相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层，是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动，特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的，只知按照快乐原则（pleasureprinciple）行事，盲目地追求满足。Theegoisthecomponentofpersonalitythatisresponsiblefordealingwithreality.AccordingtoFreud,theegodevelopsfromtheidandensuresthattheimpulsesoftheidcanbeexpressedinamanneracceptableintherealworld.Theegofunctionsinboththeconscious,preconscious,andunconsciousmind.中间一层是自我（ego），它是从本我中分化出来是受现实陶冶而渐识时务的一部分。自我充当本我与外部世界的联络者与仲裁者，并且在超我的指导下监管本我的活动，它是一种能根据周围环境的实际条件来调节本我和超我的矛盾、决定自己行为方式的意识，代表的就是通常所说的理性或正确的判断。它按照“现实原则”行动，既要获得满足，又要避免痛苦。Thelastcomponentofpersonalitytodevelopisthesuperego.Thesuperegoistheaspectofpersonalitythatholdsallofourinternalizedmoralstandardsandidealsthatweacquirefrombothparentsandsociety--oursenseofrightandwrong.Thesuperegoprovidesguidelinesformakingjudgments.AccordingtoFreud,thesuperegobeginstoemergeataroundagefive.最上面一层是超我（superego），即能进行自我批判和道德控制的理想化了的自我，它是儿童在生长发育过程中社会尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的，换言之，是父母作为爱的角色和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化。它主要包括两个方面：一方面是平常人们所说的良心，代表着社会道德对个人的惩罚和规范作用，另一方面是理想自我，确定道德行为的标准。超我的主要职责是指导自我以道德良心自居，去限制、压抑本我的本能冲动，而按至善原则活动。II.ThePsychologicalApproachinPracticeA.Hamlet:TheOedipusComplexMisogynyReasonofhesitation:incest（乱伦）andparricide（杀近亲）Wanthismom,notOphelianorotherwomen“Gettheetoanunnery”TheStoryofOedipusGreekdramatistSophoclesandhisOedipusRex(Laius,thekingofThebesandhiswifeJocasta.Polybus,theKingofCorinthashepherdOracle,Sphinx,Plague)TheStoryofOedipusWhichanimalgoesuponfourlegsatdawn,twolegsatnoon,andthreelegsintheevening?TheOedipusComplexTheideaofan'Oedipuscomplex'wasfirstdevelopedbySigmundFreud.Theideabecamethecornerstoneofhistheoriesofpsychoanalysisandheconsideredittobeanimportantpartofallhumanrelationships.TheOedipusComplexOedipuscomplex，accordingtoFreud,isachild'sunconsciousdesirefortheexclusiveloveoftheparentoftheoppositesex.Thisdesireincludesjealousytowardtheparentofthesamesexandtheunconsciouswishforthatparent'sdeath.thefemaleequivalentisthe'Electracomplex'-inGreekmyth,Electraplottedtokillhermother,Clytemnestra,whomurderedElectra'sfather,Agamemnon.ErnestJonespointsoutthatHamletasapsychoneurotic(神经病人）whosuffersfrommanic-depressive（燥狂抑郁病的）hysteriacombinedwithanabulia（意志力丧失）–allofwhichmaybetracedtothehero’sseverelyrepressedOedipalfeelings.Theusualoedipaltriangleofmother,son,andfatherhasbeenalteredbytheadditionofClaudiusinPlaceofHamlet'soriginalfather.NowonderHamletlooksdisturbed.(fromtheBranaghversion)TheOedipusComplexinHamletthecharacteroftheghostandClaudiusaredramaticprojectionsofHamlet’sownconscious-unconsciousambivalence（矛盾心理）towardthefatherfigure.Theghostrepresentstheconsciousidealoffatherhood.HisviewofClaudiusrepresentsHamlet’srepressedhostilitytowardhisfatherasarivalforhismother’saffection.