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小溪时尚美语Lesson31downtothewire最后关头。Itwasdowntothewire.=Therewasn'tmuchtimeleft.直到最后一刻。（例子）：IfeellikeIamalwaysinarushbecauseIwaittodothinguntilit'sdowntothewire.我总是赶时间，因为我常到最后一分钟还忙着。2活学活用中译英：不到最后关头，我们不能放松。英译中：Whatkindoflanguagelearnerareyou?Ifyouareasuccessfullanguagelearner,youhaveprobablybeenlearningindependently,actively,andpurposefully.Ontheotherhand,ifyoulanguagelearninghasbeenlessthansuccessful,youmightdowelltotrysomeofthetechniquesoutlinedabove.今天加入了一些新的内容：1hitthebooks撞书（用功）Ineedtohitthebooks.=Ineedtostudy.例子：IfIdon'thitthebooksthisweek,Iwon'tpassthetest.如果我这星期不用功，我考试就不及格了。2活学活用中译英：英语中有些地方还真有趣，可把“撞书”理解成“用功”。英译中：HowshouldyoubuiltupyourvocabularyThroughContextWhenstudentsinacollegeclasswereaskedwhatshouldbedonewhentheycameacrossanewwordintheirreading,84percentsaid,'Lookitupinthedictionary.'Ifyoudo,however,youinterrupttheverymentalprocessesneededtomakeyoureffortsmostproductive.3语法构词法英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好的理解词义，认识新词和扩大词汇量有重大的意义。构词方法有三种：派生法，合成法，转换法。一．在一个词的词根前或后加某个词缀产生新词，有前缀，后缀。构成名词的常用后缀：-er,-or,-ist,-ee,-ian,-ese,-ant构成人或物的名称.。例如：thinker,guesser,translator,conductor,physicist,dentist,employee,trainee,physician,Italian,Japanese,assistant等。（待续）1costsomeoneanarmandaleg要花上一条胳膊一条腿（代价昂贵）Thatcostmeanarmandaleg.=Thatwasveryexpensive.那东西贵极了。（例子）：Ireallylikemynewcar,butitcotmeanarmandaleg.NowIhavenomoneyfornewcloths.我非常喜欢我的新车，不过这辆车贵极了。现在我连买衣服的钱都没了。2活学活用中译英：学习的代价是很昂贵的。英译中：Butthere'sanotherreason.Supposesomeoneasksyouwhatthewordfastmeans.Youanswer,swift.Butdoesitmeanthatinsuchcontextsasfastcolor,fastwoman,orfastfriend?Andifahorseisfast,isitsecurelytiedorrunningattopspeed?Itcouldbeeither,Italldepends.Onthedictionary?NO,oncontext-onhowthewordisactuallyused.Afterallthereareovertwentydifferentmeaningsforfastinthedictionary.Butthedictionarydoesn'ttellyouwhichmeaninginintended.That'swhyitmakessuchgoodsensetobeginwithcontext.3语法构词法(2)-ance,-ence,-(a)tion,-ics,-ing,-ity,-ment,-ness,-th,-ty,-ure,-ship等用于构成表示行为，性质，状态的抽象名词。例如：acceptance,assistance,dependence,confidence,repetition,preparation,discussion,division,physics,fabrics,building,wedding,reality,ability,settlement,argument,greatness,hardness,warmth,length,safety,penalty,failure,pressure,friendship,leadership.等。