stylistic

1．Whatisstylistics?Whyisitnecessaryforustolearnstylistics?Stylisticsmeansadisciplinethatstudiesthesumofstylisticfeaturescharacteristicofthedifferentvarietiesoflanguage.Itconcernsitselfwiththesituationalfeaturesthatinfluencevariationsinlanguageuse,thecriterionfortheclassificationoflanguagevariety,andthedescriptionofthelinguisticfeaturesandfunctionsofthemainvarietiesofalanguage.Stylisticsstudy:a.helpsdevelopaconsistentmethodoflanguageanalysisandsolveproblemsofinterpretationbybringingintofocusthestylisticallysignificantfeatures.b.helpscultivateasenseofappropriatenessandacquireasenseofstyle.c.sharpensunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworks.d.helpsachieveadaptationintranslation.2．HowdoesMartinJoodescribetherangeofformalityinhisbook?M’srangeofformality:frozen,formal,consultative,casual,andintimate.3．Whatfactorsaffectthedegreeofformality?a.Speechsituation:settingpurpose,audience,socialrelationsandtopic.b.Linguisticfeatures:vocabulary;phonologysyntaxandsemantics.4．Whatisadialect?Whatistherelationshipbetweenregionalandsocialdialects?Dialect:meanslanguagevariationsassociatedwithdifferentusersofthelanguage.5．Whatarethefunctionsofaheadlineinapressadvertisement?Headlineisthethemeandcenterofadvertisement,ofteninthemostconspicuouspositiontoattractconsumers’attention.Therefore,headlineiscrucialtothesuccessofadvertisement.Butwhatkindofheadlineisagoodheadline?Hereareafewsuggestions:(1)Hitonwhatreaderslike,andmakethemfeelitwillbenefitthem.(2)Trytointroducenewthings.(3)Usewordsthatcouldarousereaders’interest.(4)Avoidusingvaguewords,avoidusingprivativewords.6．Whatarethefunctionsofabodycopyinapressadvertisement?BodyCopyAfterconsumers'attentionhasbeenattractedtotheadvertisementbyheadline,theywillmovetothebodycopy,whichisthemainpartofadvertisinginformation,tofindsomethinguseful.Whetheranadvertisementhasmettheconsumers’requirement,satisfiedtheirdesire,andstimulatedthemtotakeactionarethefactorstojudgethequalityofagoodadvertisement.7．Whatarethestylisticfeaturesofthepressadvertisement?Ⅰ.Lexicalfeaturesa.One-syllableandsimpleverbssuchasgetandmakeareused.b.Emotiveadjectivesareadoptedtoarousereader’sinterest.c.Wordsarecarefullychosentomakepunandalliteration.d.Weaselwords,suchashelpandlike,maketheuseofstrongestlanguagepossibleinadvertisements.Ⅱ.Syntacticalfeaturesa.Sentencesinadvertisementsareshort.Onaverage,asentenceconsistsof11.8words.b.Ellipticalsentencesareusedtospareadvertisingcostandatthesametimeimproveadvertisingeffectiveness.c.Interrogativesentencesandimperativesentencesarecommoninadvertisementsd.Presenttenseprevailsinadstosuggesttimelessness.Andactivevoiceisusedtocatertoaudience’shabitindailytalk.Ⅲ.DiscoursefeaturesAcompleteadvertisementconsistsoffiveparts:Headline,BodyCopy,Slogan,IllustrationAndTradeMark.Bodycopyisthekeypart,conveyingproductorserviceinformation.8．Whataremaincomponentsofapressadvertisement?10.Summarizethebasicrequirementsforthelanguageofaeffectiveadvertisement?11.Whatarethestylisticfeaturesofpublicspeech?Grammaticalfeatures:(1).Variationinsentencelength,sentencearemostlyoftheSP(O)(C)(A)structurewithoccasionalASPOC(A)form.(2).Varioussentencetype:a.Aspublicspeechesareintendedtoinform,topersuade,andtoappeal,mostsentencesarestatements;occasionalquestionsareusedtogivetheaudiencefoodforthoughtandtoimpressthem.b.Commandscanbemany,oftenintroducedby“let”.c.Vocativesofageneraltypeareused.(3).Morecomplex-lookinggroupstructures.Lexicalfeatures:(1).Oftenuseaccurateandclearwords.(2).Adaptationofwordingtoparticularaudience.(3).Lessuseofphrasalverbs.Phonologicalfeatures:(1).Appropriatevolumeandpitchvariation.(2).Varyingtempoandrightlytimedpause.(3).Oftenseektousetherhythmoflanguagebytheirchoiceandarrangementofwords.(4).Publicspeechisdirectedtowardanaudiencesometimesverylargesothespeakerhastoguardagainstsloppyarticulationandarticulateeachwordclearlyandaccurately.Insuchavariety,assimilationsshouldnotoccur,butelisioncansometimesoccur.(5).Fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication:gestures,eyesandetc.Semanticfeatures:(1).Problem-cause-solutionorder(attention,need,satisfaction,visualizationandaction.).Theuseofpairsoftransitionalphrasesstatingboththeideathatthespeakerisleavingandtheoneheiscomingupto.Theuseofinternalpreviewsandsummaries.Theusesofsignpostslikenumbers,questionsorsimplephrasetohelptheaudiencekeeptrackofwherethespeakerisinthespeech.(2).Effectivewaysofdelivery:a.parallelismmakesthestatementclear,consistentandcompelling.b.antithesiscontrastsideasinaformalstructureofparallelism.c.repetitionhelpscreatastrongemotionaleffort.d.synonymouswordsarerepeatedtoaddforce,clearnessorbalanceasentence.e.alliterationtocatchtheattentionofaudienceandmakeideaseasiertoremember.f.figurativeuseoflanguage.12.Whatfunctionsdoesanewspaperserve?Newspapersprovideuswithnews,advertisement,editorials,cartoons,comics,fictionpoems,bookreviews,andartcriticismsandsoon.Thecentralfunctionofanewspaperistotellusnews(functionaltenor),writtenchieflytobered(mode);andhasdifferentcategoriesanddifferentformats(straighttenor).13.Whatarethefunctionsofaheadlineinanewspaper?Head