高级英语第二册-Marrakech

Unit2MarrakechContents1.Backgroundinformation2.Typeofwriting3.Organizationstructure4.Detailedstudy5.Exercises1.BackgroundinformationMarrakechAuthorandhisworksMorocco(摩洛哥)Moroccoa.LocatedinNorthAfrica,ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb.About2000B.C.settledbyBerbertribes,theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury,bringingwiththemIslam.c.In1912,aFranco-SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones---FrenchMorocco,Spanishprotectorate(保护国),asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone.•d.Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy(君主国)in1957.MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations,theLeagueofArabStates,andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.•e.People:mostMuslims;Most(70%)Moroccansarefarmers,usingcamels,donkeysandmulestopullplows,tryingtogrowtheirownfood.IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert.•f.Islam:thestatereligion•g.Arabic---theofficiallanguage,FrenchandSpanishalsospoken.NationalflagofMoroccoMarrakech•Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity,itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas,andwhichstillsurviveshere.Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars,andtouristssearchingfortherealMoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness.•Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextremelyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.Themarket1Themarket2MarrakechAuthorandhisworksGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950):♠thepseudonymofEricArthurBlair♠aBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwar♠muchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-communistpointofview.♠borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder--servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.♠receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.♠traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism.♠joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.Hisworks•DownandOutinParisandLondon1933•AClergyman’sDaughter1935•KeeptheAspidistraFlying1936•ComingupforAir1940•动物农庄AnimalFarm1945•NineteenEighty-Four1949动物农庄AnimalFarm1945asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriterAllofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedom•Hisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople.•Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.•TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.Inreadinghisworks,severalaspectsdrawourattention:2.TypeofwritingDescription--dealswithappearancesandfeelingsNarration---dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition---dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation---thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.2.Typeofwriting•Itisanexposition,apoliticalessay.•Orwellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.ExpositionExpositionmeansexplaining.Thewriterappealstoareader'sunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.Exposition•Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposition---expoundingexplainingExposition•Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.•Thesis:thecentralthoughtorpurpose•Thethesismaybesupportedanddeveloped:Comparisonandcontrast,analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.Exposition•Thingscanbeexplainedby•Definition•Listing•Examples•Classification•Comparisonandcontrast1.DefinitionThekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.2.ListingWemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.3.ExamplesIt'sthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.4.ClassificationWehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.5.ComparisonandcontrastWeliken(把…比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast)Organizationalpattern•Sect.1(para1--2)•Sect.2(para3)•Sect.3(para4--7)•Sect.4(para8--15)•Sect.5(para16--18)•Sect.6(para19--21)•Sect.7(para22--26)Organizationalpattern•Sect.1(para1--2)•objectivepresentationofExample1•Sect.2(para3)thethesis