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首页»美国文学(AmericanLiterature)»美国文学史期末考试复习资料/AmericanLiteratureReview美国文学复习：第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticism课堂笔记Endof18C～outbreakofCivilWarPolitical：①DemocracyandEquality②PartiesscrambleforpowerEconomic：①industrialism②technology③sharpentrant④frontierwestward西进utilityandperfectionCultural：①buoyantspirit、education、magazine②simplicity简单Independence：17世纪PuritanismReligion18世纪PoliticalPamphletLiterarycharacteristics:1、Foreigninfluence(oldworld/romantic/traditionfromEurope)①SirWalterScott→bordertaleAmericanIndianRomanceByron’s→orientalromance②Gothictradition(“graveyard”poet)solitudeandgloom孤独与忧愁哥特传统EdgarAllenPot③imagination(figures):Prophetandseers2、feature(culturalnationalism)→native/Indian→languagecontentenvironment:wildernessofvirginforest/civilizationoftheprimitive当地的原始文明“NattyBumppo”典型人物，来自于Cooper。3、AmericanPuritanism:PuritanstendtomoralizetheirworksthanEuropeanones.Thinking:idealsofindividualism(RegantheEden)★4、transcendentalism:超验主义。书上内容：一、文学特征：1、environment：①shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境②arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionsofEurope.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式:Varied多样,Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。★4、transcendentalism超验主义：①asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。②theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。③theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。④itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.⑤代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literaryforms文学形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica’sprincipalliteraryforms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。6、Imaginativeliterature想象类文学7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8、ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10、Atmid-centuryaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEngland.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义。二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家②“SketchBook”《见闻札记》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”《西班牙征服记》⑤manner形式matter内容；avoidmoralization教化toentertain娱乐/amuse消遣2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀①contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。②“LeatherstockingTales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“TheDeerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“TheLastoftheMohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“ThePathfinder”《探路人》、“ThePioneers”《拓荒者》、“ThePrairie”《大草原》,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。③thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo.小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波④(笔记上添的)theCritic评论家认为，他揭示了矛盾thedirectionwasmorallyrighttheotherpractically/inevitableLeatherstocking:insistonoldforestfreedom皮袜子：保存了这些原始森林的面貌JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorder3、WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人①asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。③“ToaWaterfowl”《致水鸟》themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿伦.坡①showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。②Graham’sMagazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“TheRaven”《乌鸦》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”《述异集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。!--[ifgtevml1]![endif]--!--[if!vml]--!--[e