考研化学农综合练习试题及答案

一、命名或写结构式CH3CH3CH3BrHHOHSO3HNNNHCH3(R)—2—甲基—3—溴丁烷5—羟基—2—萘磺酸4—甲氨基偶氮苯4—（N-甲基氨基）偶氮苯CH3CONO2OCOCH2OClCHOCH3OCH3醋酸硝酸酯(乙酰基硝酸酯)苄氧甲酰氯苯甲醛缩二甲醇OCOOHHOCH2COOHH2－环戊烯酮（S）－苹果酸β－吲哚乙酸甲酯DMFHCH2COOCH3NCONCH3CH3HCH2CHCH2HBr+（过量）CH3CH2CCH2CHCH3CH3BrBr(CH3)3CC2H5+KMnO4H＋(CH3)3CCOOH二、写出反应主要产物CCH+H2OHgSO4-H2SO4+CH3CHCH2ClCH3AlCl3OCCH3C(CH3)3BrCH=CHCH2CNOClCH2CHBrCH+KCN（过量）OH浓H2SO4OH浓H2SO4+K2Cr2O7CH3+OHICH3IOH+OCHOCOONH4OHCOONaOOO+O3CHO+Ag(NH3)2OHOHCOOH+NaHCO3Zn/H2OCH3CH2CHCHCHOOHCH3CH3CH2CH=CCHOCH3CH3CH2CHO稀OH-CHO+HCHO浓OH-HCOOCNaCH2OH+COOCH3COOHCOOCH3COOH+COOHCOC+CH3OHOO+COOHCH3OCH2CH(OCH3)2H3O+CH3OCH2CHO2CH3OH+CH3CCH2COOCH2CH3+Br2OH2OCH3CCHCOOC2H5OHBrBrCOOHPCl3Br2/NaOHCOClNH3NH2CONH2H2NCCH2OCOON=NN(CH3)2ClH2NCCH2CClOO+OH+N2ClN(CH3)20~5℃N2Cl+CuClCH3CHCNHCNH2+H2OOONH2CH3CHCOOH+NH4++CO2NH3+H2OCH2HOOOHOHOHOH+Br2CH2OHCOOHNH3CCOOOKOHRXNHCOCONKCOCONRCOCOCH2COOHOHOCOCH2CH3CH2OCCH2CHOCH2+NaHSO3(过量）CH3CH2CCH2CH2CHOHSO3NaOOO+OOOO1.下列醇与Lucas试剂反应时，反应活性由大到小的次序为:HOHC2H5CHOa.b.c.CH3OHCH3CHOHCH3三、选择、填空acbbca2.下列卤代烃按SN2反应时，活性由大到小的次序为：a.b.c.BrBrCH2BrCH33.下列化合物与NaHSO3加成时，反应活性由大到小的次序为：a.b.CH3CHOCH2CHOFc.CH3CCH3OCH3CH2CCH3Od.bacd4.下列卤代烃按E1反应时，活性由大到小的次序为：a.b.c.CH2CH2ClCH3CHCH3CH3CCH2CH3ClClCH3cba5.伯、仲、叔醇与金属钠发生反应时，反应速率最快的是，最慢的是。伯醇叔醇6.下列糖为α－D－构型的是：A.B.OOHHOHHOHOHOHHHOHOHCH2OHCH2OHOHOHHHC.D.OHOHHHOHHOHHCH2OHOHOHHOHHHOHCH2OHOHOHD7.下列化合物具有变旋现象的是。A.B.C.D.OCCCH2OHOHCOOHOCH3OCHOOHCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHC内酯8.下列化合物碱性最强的是，最弱的是。A.吡啶B.四氢吡咯C.吡咯D.苯胺9.某氨基酸溶于pH＝7的纯水中，测得氨基酸溶液的pH＝5，问该氨基酸的等电点是。A.大于5B.等于5C.小于5BCC10.下列糖哪些互为差向异构体。A.B.C.D.CHOCH2OHCH2OHCHOCH2OHCHOCH2OHCH2OHOA、D四、分离或除去1.甲苯、苯酚和2,4,6－三硝基苯酚用NaHCO3溶液，有CO2气体放出的是2,4,6-三硝基苯酚；用FeCl3溶液，呈蓝紫色的是苯酚；不反应的是甲苯。2.甲苯、苯乙烯、苯乙炔和叔丁基苯用KMnO4/H+溶液，不褪色的是叔丁基苯；用Ag(NH3)2NO3溶液，有灰白色沉淀的是苯乙炔；用Br2/H2O褪色的是苯乙烯。3.果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖先用斐林试剂，有砖红色沉淀的是果糖和麦芽糖；然后用西列凡诺夫反应，2分钟内显红色的是果糖。注：蔗糖也可发生西列凡诺夫反应。OOHOHHOHOHOCH2OCH3OOHHOHOCH2OCH3OOHHOHOHOCH2OCH3斐林试剂苯肼生成糖脎无砖红色有砖红色有砖红色不生成糖脎OOCH3OHHOHOCH2OHOOCH3OHHOHOCH2OHOOHHOHOCH2OHOH5.用化学方法分离苯甲酸、苯胺和苯甲醇的混合物苯甲酸苯胺苯甲醇水层有机层苯甲酸钠苯胺盐酸盐苯胺苯甲醇苯胺苯甲醇有机层水层NaOHHClHCl(H2O)Na2CO3苯甲酸H2O6.除去苯甲醛中少量的苯甲酸苯甲酸苯甲醛有机层水层苯甲醛苯甲酸钠(弃去)Na2CO3H2O7.分离环己烷和环己烯的混合物环己烷环己烯冷浓H2SO4分液上层下层环己烷环己烯OSO3H8.分离苯和吡啶的混合物苯吡啶浓HCl稀NaOH苯吡啶盐酸盐吡啶9.除去苯中的少量噻吩用浓H2SO4可除去噻吩五、以给定的有机物为原料，无机试剂任选，完成下列转化1.CH3CH2CH2ClCH3CHCH3BrCH3CH2ClCH3CH=CH2KOH-C2H5OHCH3CHCH3HBrBr3.CH3CHCH2CH3CHCOOHCH3KCNCH3CH=CH2CH3CHCH3BrHBrH3O+CH3CHCOOHCH3CHCH3CNCH34.CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH2=CH2H2SO4CH3CH2OSO3HH2O浓CH3CH2OHCuCH3CHOOH-稀CH3CH=CHCHOH2-NiCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCHCH5.CH3CHCH2CH3OHHgSO4-H2SO4CH3CHOCHCHH2OH2-NiPBr3CH3CH2BrMgCH3CH2MgBrCH3CH2OH无水乙醚CH3CHOCH3CH2CHCH3OMgBrCH3CHCH2CH3OHH2OCH3BrAlCl3Cl2CH3CH2ClCH2CNCH2COOHKCNH3O+CH3ClCH2COOH和7.8.CH3NH2CH3COOHCOClSO2Cl[O]CNH2NH3Br2-NaOHONH2O3Zn/H2OCHO(1)(2)CHOOH-稀CHO10.CHO11.CH3NH2COOHHNO3H2SO4NO2CH3[O]浓浓CH3COOHH2-NiNO2COOHNH2CH3CH3CHOCH3COOHAlCl3I2-NaOHHNO3H2SO4浓浓PCl3COClCOCH3[O]COCH3NO2COOHNO2H2-NiCOOHNH2CH3CHO和12.NH2COOHNO2NO2NH2N2ClNaNO2HClorH3PO2Br2FeBrC2H5OHHNO3H2SO4浓浓NH214.NO2BrCONH2CONH2NO2NO2NH2NO2N2ClNO2OHHNO3H2SO4浓浓Br2-NaOHNaNO2HClH3O+CONH216.OHNO2HNO3H2SO4NO2CH3浓浓CH3CH3NH2Fe-HClN2ClCH3NaNO2HClCH3KCNCuCNCNCH3H3O+COOHCH317.CH3COOH22.BrBrBrHNO3H2SO4NO2浓浓NH2Fe-HClBr2/H2OBrBrNH2BrHNO2H3PO2BrBrBrCH=CH2CHOO3Zn/H2O(1)(2)HCHOCH3OHH2-NiHCl+HCHOCHO(干)CHOCH3OCH3CHCH224.CH(OCH3)2六、从指定的有机物出发，合成下列化合物（其它无机、有机试剂任选）1.乙烯戊酸CH2=CH2HBrCH3CH2BrMgCH3CH2MgBr无水乙醚H2OCH3CH2CH2CH2OHHBrCH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH2BrKCNCH3CH2CH2CH2CNH3O+CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH2.乙醇叔丁醇CH3CH2OHCuCH3CHOCH3MgBrH2OCH3CHCH3CH3CCH3OHO[O]CH3MgBrCCH3H2OCH3CH3OH3.乙醇季戊四醇CH3CH2OHCuCH3CHO3CH2OOH-CH2OHCHOHOH2C稀CCH2OHHCHO(HOCH2)4C浓OH-4.NO2NO2OCH2COONaCl2FeHNO3H2SO4NO2Cl浓浓ClClNO2+NaOHONaClCH2COONaOCH2COONaHNO3H2SO4浓浓NO2ClNO2H2OOH-NO2NO2OHNO2NO2NO2NO25.CH3CH2Br(CH3)2CCHCH3CH3CH2BrMgCH3CH2MgBr无水乙醚CH3CCH3OCCH2CH3CH3CH3OHC=CH2CH3CH3CH3H2SO4浓7.NH2NO2BrBrH2O/OH-HNO3H2SO4NO2浓浓HNO2H3PO2BrBrFeNH2CCOOOCH3CH3NHCCH3ONHCCH3ONO2NH2NO2NH2BrBrNO2Br2（过量）7.NO2CH2CH2OH8.NO2BrTHFMgBrCH2CH2OHNO2BrFeH2OCH2CH2ONO2MgNO2NO28.CH39.CH3NO2HNO3H2SO4NO2CH3浓浓CH3CH3NH2Fe-HClCH3CNHCOCH3CH3COOOCH39.N2+HNO3H2SO4浓浓NHCOCH3CH3NO2NH2HNO2H3PO2H2O/OH-CH3NO2CH3NO2CH3NO210.CH3CHCH2CH3CH2CNHCH2CH2CH3OCH3CH=CH2HBrH2O2CH3CH2CH2BrNH3CH3CH2CH2NH2CH3CH2CH2BrCH3CH2CH2OH[O]CH3CH2COOHPCl3CH3CH2CClONHCH2CH2CH3H2OOH-CH3CH2CH2NH2CH3CH2CO七、填空题1.能起碘仿反应的醛、酮、醇，应具有的结构分别是CH3CHROH(R)CHHCH3OCH3CO;;2.实验室使用乙醚前，要先检查有无过氧化物存在，常用来检查，如有过氧化物存在，其实验现象为，若要除去它，可用方法除去。KI-淀粉蓝色FeSO4或Na2SO3溶液洗涤3.赖氨酸（2,6－二氨基己酸）在水中以形式存在，若要使其达到等电点，应向水中加入。正离子碱4.ArCH2CH2+和ArC+HCH3相比较，最稳定的是。ArCHCH3+5.化合物的互变异构体是。OOOOOOH6.用格氏试剂与羰基加成来制备伯醇时应加入醛。甲7.脑磷脂的结构是由、、和组成。胆胺脂肪酸甘油磷酸8.化合物A的〔α〕为＋25°，m.p为40℃，则其对映体B的〔α〕为，m.p为。40℃-25℃9.A和B两种油脂，A的皂化值为100，B的皂化值为206，则的平均分子量大于的平均分子量。AB10.斐林试剂是由组成。CuSO4，NaOH-酒石酸钾钠11.缩二脲的碱性水解产物是。CO32-，NH312.丙烯酸和HCl的加成产物是。Cl-CH2CH2COOH13.氯乙烷水解制备乙醇，主要按历程进行；叔丁基溴消除制备异丁烯，主要按历程进行。SN2E114.在光照下，乙苯与Cl2反应的产物是，反应历程为；在Fe催化下，乙苯与Cl2反应的产物是，反应历程为。CHCH3Cl自由基取代+ClC2H5C2H5Cl亲电取代15.THF的结构式是。O16.乙二醇的优势构象是。1,2－二氯乙烷的优势构象是。OHHOHHHHClClHHHH17.石蜡的精确熔点为901℃，这句话的错误在于。石蜡是混合物，无精确熔点，只有软化范围18.醛、酮与饱和的NaHSO3溶液反应的范围是。醛；脂肪甲基酮和八碳以下环酮19.蔗糖的结构式是。OOHOCH2OHHOCH2OHOHHOCH2HOHOOα-1,4β-1,6α-D-半乳糖β-D-甘露糖α-D-葡萄糖是20.在下列三糖中，A苷键的类型是，B苷键的类型是。a单糖名称是，b单糖名称是，c单糖名称是。此三糖是不是还原性糖。OOOCH2OAOBHOOHOHOHOHO