形容词和副词I.Classification常见形容词后缀:1.-able以“-able”结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:(1)v.+able→adj.reliable(可以依靠的),drinkable(可以饮用的),eatable(可食用的)。(2)n.+able→adj.如valuable(有价值的),reasonable(有道理的),comfortable(舒适的)。2.-ibleterrible,horrible,invisible,possible。3.-alactual,general,international,medical,mental,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual。(这类形容词大部分没有比较级和最高级)4.-ant带“-ant”后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-ance或-ancy后缀。instant(instance),distant(distance),important(importance),brilliant(brilliancy),constant(constancy),pleasant。5.-entabsent(absence),different(difference),excellent(excellence),patient(patience),present(presence).6.-arpopular,particular,regular。7.-arycontrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary。8.-edconnected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,excited,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,united,used(习惯的),worried,wounded。9.-en(1)“-en”跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“材料”或“质地”,如wooden,golden,earthen。(2)“-en”也可加在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转换而来的。例如:spoken,written,stricken,mistaken。10-ern,加在表示方位的名词之后,表示“……(方位)的”。eastern,southern,western,northern等。11.-ese,加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如:Chinese,Japanese.12.-ful这一后缀有两种情况:(1)加在名词之后,表示“充满……的”、“有……性质的”,如beautiful,colourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonderful。(2)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为“易于……的”,如forgetful,regretful13.-ic常常加在名词或依附于词干后,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”等。Atlantic,electric,arctic,historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific。14.-ical,同“ic”一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,意为“……的”、“……似的”、“与……有关的”,如physical,political,practical,technical等。注:(1)有些形容词的词尾可能是“-ic”和“-ical”并存,且可以互相替代,但有时也有区别。一般来说,词尾“ic”与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾“ical”与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作“与……有关的”解。anelectriclight(电灯),electricalengineering(电气工程);historic意为“历史上有名气的”,historical则意为“关于历史的”。(2)以“ic”结尾的形容词,其相应副词则往往是pacifically,scientifically。15.-ing例如:dying,exciting,inspiring,interesting,freezing,living。16.-ist“-ist”表示“……主义的”、“信仰……的”。该后缀加在名词之后,communist,imperialist,Marxist,socialist。17.-ive意为“……的”、“与……有关的”、“具有……性质的”等。native,active,passive,attentive,expensive。18.-less“-less”加在名词、动词后,表示“无”、“缺”,fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,careless。19.-ly加在名词之后构成形容词。这一词缀的意义有二:(1)“像……的”、“有……性质的”friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,orderly。(2)“以……为周期的”、“每……的”hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,yearly。20.-(i)ous意为“充满……的”、“具有……特征的”,加在名词、动词和形容词之后。curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious,various。21.-some加在名词、动词之后,表示“使人……的”、“易于……的”,handsome,troublesome,tiresome。22.-ward,加在名词之后,表示方向,作“向……(方向)的”、“来自……(方向)的”解。eastward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward,inward,outward,upward,downward。注:这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是“-wards”时,必然是副词。23.-y,加在名词之后,表示“具有……特征的”、“多……的”。funny,lucky,shabby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,cloudy,dirty,dusty。介词形容词1)abovetheabovesentence或thesentenceabove(上面的)2)outsideanoutsidedoor(外边的),anoutsidewrapping(外包装)3)inThatstheinplacetogonow.(时髦的)anindoor(朝里面的),theinparty(执政的)4)insideForinsidecirculationonly.(内部的)theinsidefront(back)(书等)封面(底)的背面(里面的)5)downfeeldownaboutsth.(沮丧的)6)offoffhours(业余时间的),anoffseason(不佳的),feeloff(不舒服的),anoffchance(极小的)复合形容词hand-made手工的new-born新生的deaf-mute聋哑的absent-minded漫不经心的合成形容词1)名词+形容词(形容词+名词)ice-coldsnow-white,world-wide,fire-proof,home-sick2)名词(代词)+名词+-edchicken-heartedapple-shapedsilver-haired3)名词(代词)+现在分词time-consuminglabor-savingfreedom-lovingtrouble-making4)名词(代词)+过去分词snow-coveredself-taughthand-writtenair-conditioned5)形容词(数词)+名词second-handfirst-classdeep-seapart-timeathree--poundchickenatwo-hundred--hundred-wordletter6)形容词(数词)+名词+-edgood-manneredbad-temperedopen-mindedkind-hearted7)形容词+现在分词good(nice)-lookingeasy-going8)形容词+过去分词(有些也可看作是副词+过去分词)new-builtnew-born9)副词+形容词all-roundever-green10)副词+现在分词ever-lastingout-goinghard-workingfar-seeing11)副词+过去分词well-knownwell-behavedbadly-woundedmuch-needed12)动词(或过去分词)+副词IIfunctions1.作定语只能用作前置定语Ihavetheutmostrespectforheraccomplishments.以-er结尾的形容词,如:elder(eldest),inner,other,upper,lower,latter,former,outer,hinder,utter,lesser(也包括daily,weekly等)。Herelderbrotherhisformerwifehisweeklypay-en结尾的形容词,如:wooden,golden,woolenawoodentable,agoldenwatch,awoolensweater只能用作后置定语a-形容词afraid,asleep,alone,awake,alive,ashamedHeistheonlymanawakeatthattime.Heistheonlymanaliveinthevillageaftertheearthquake.修饰不定代词时somethingnewnothinginterestinganybodypresenteverythinggood形容词短语Haveyoufoundamansuitableforthework?-able,-ible结尾的形容词available,imaginable,possible,visibleThereareplentyofjobsavailableinthearea.Parentsencourageeveryactivityimaginable.前置或后置都可以a300-metrehighbuildingabuilding300-metrehighadifficultjobtodoajobdifficulttodoamorecomplicatedproblemthanthepreviousoneaproblemmorecomplicatedthanthepreviousonesogoodachanceasnottobemissedachancesogoodasnottobemissed2.只作表语的形容词well,worth,liable,subject,content,bound,ill,sunk,drunk,sure,unable等词Thefilmisworthseeing.Heiswell.Heisawellman.(误)Sheisill(sick).(正)Sheisasickperson.(正)Sheisanillperson.(误)ill作“有害的,不好的”解时,可用作前置定语,如illluck,illwind,illnews英语中有些形容词,既可作定语,也可作表语,但表示的意思往往不同。比较:Herlatehusbandisascientist.(已故的)Shewaslateforthemeeting.(晚的)Shehadaparticularreasonforgivinguptheplan.(特别的)Shewasveryparticularaboutdressing.(挑剔的)Theplaneisduetoarriveatfiveoclock.(scheduled)Hehandledthematterwithduecareandattention.(proper,suitable)Im