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TheCalloftheWild---JackLondonTheCalloftheWild:BackgroundTheCalloftheWildisanovellabyAmericanauthorJackLondonpublishedin1903.ThestorytakesplaceintheextremeconditionsoftheYukonduringthe19th-centuryKlondikeGoldRush.TheCalloftheWild:BackgroundThegoldprospectors,knownas“Klondikers,”facedharshconditions:•temperatures40degreesbelowzero•starvationandmalnutrition•longjourneysonfoot•hundredsofpoundsofsuppliestotransportTheCalloftheWild:BackgroundTheindigenouspeopleofAlaskaandCanadabeganusingsleddogsmorethan1,000yearsago.Theydependedonthesedogsfor•protection•transportation•hunting•companionshipTheCalloftheWild:BackgroundInthelate1800s,settlersandexplorersstartedusingthedogstohelpthemexploreremoteareas,delivermail,andlookforgold.ffPlotoverviewBuck,apowerfuldog,livesonJudgeMiller’sestateinCalifornia.Heleadsacomfortablelifethere,butitcomestoanendwhenmendiscovergoldintheKlondikeregionofCanadaandagreatdemandarisesforstrongdogstopullsleds.BuckiskidnappedbyagardenerontheMillerestateandsoldtodogtraders,whoteachBucktoobeybybeatinghimwithacluband,subsequently,shiphimnorthtotheKlondike.PlotoverviewArrivinginthechillyNorth,Buckisamazedbythecrueltyheseesaroundhim.Assoonasanotherdogfromhisship,Curly,apackofhuskiesviolentlykillsher.Watchingherdeath,Buckvowsnevertoletthesamefatebefallhim.Hebeginstoadjusttolifeasasleddog.Buckissmart,tough,andalert.Helearnsquicklyhowtosurviveasasleddog.Finally,BuckkillsSpitz,theleaddog,andtakeshisplaceastheleaddog.PlotoverviewWithBuckattheheadoftheteam,hisownerssoonturntheteamovertoamailcarrierwhoforcesthedogstocarrymuchheavierloads.Inthemidstofaparticularlyarduoustrip,oneofthedogsbecomesill,andeventuallythedriverhastoshoothim.Attheendofthisjourney,thedogsareexhausted,andthemailcarriersellsthemtoagroupofAmericangoldhunters—Hal,Charles,andMercedes.PlotoverviewBuck’snewmastersareinexperiencedandoutofplaceinthewilderness.Theyoverloadthesled,beatthedogs,andplanpoorly.Someweakeranimalssoondie.Ofanoriginalteamoffourteen,onlyfivearestillalivewhentheylimpintoJohnThornton’scamp.Thorntonwarnsthemthattheiceoverwhichtheyaretravelingismeltingandthattheymayfallthroughit.Haldismissesthesewarningsandtriestogetgoingimmediately.Theotherdogsbegintomove,butBuckrefuses.WhenHalbeginstobeathim,Thorntonintervenes,knockingaknifefromHal’shandandcuttingBuckloose.HalcursesThorntonandstartsthesledagain,butbeforetheyhavegoneaquarterofamile,theicebreaksopen,swallowingboththehumansandthedogs.ThorntonbecomesBuck’smaster,andBuck’sdevotiontohimistotal.HesavesThorntonfromdrowninginariver,attacksamanwhotriestostartafightwithThorntoninabar,and,mostremarkably,winsa$1,600wagerforhisnewmasterbypullingasledcarryingathousand-poundload.ButBuck’sloveforThorntonismixedwithagrowingattractiontothewild,andhefeelsasifheisbeingcalledawayfromcivilizationandintothewilderness.ThisfeelinggrowsstrongerwhenheaccompaniesThorntonandhisfriendsinsearchofalostminehiddendeepintheCanadianforest.PlotoverviewPlotoverviewWhilethemensearchforgold,Buckrangesfarafield,befriendingwolvesandhuntingbearsandmoose.HealwaysreturnstoThorntonintheend,until,oneday,hecomesbacktocamptofindthatYeehatIndianshaveattackedandkilledhismaster.BuckattackstheIndians,killingseveralandscatteringtherest,andthenheadsoffintothewild,wherehebecomestheleaderofapackofwolves.Hebecomesalegendaryfigure,aGhostDog,fatheringcountlesscubsandinspiringfearintheYeehats—buteveryyearhereturnstotheplacewhereThorntondied,tomournhismasterbeforereturningtohislifeinthewild.Themes–Lifeevolvedthroughaprocessofnaturalselection.Onlythosestrongandadaptablesurvived.–AssoonasBuckiskidnapped,helearnsthatanewlawappliestolife,differentfromthe“lawofloveandfellowship”hehasknownbefore.–Londoncallsitthe“lawofclubandfang.”–The“lawoftheclub”isthatman,havinggreaterforce,isthemaster.Theweakmustsubmitandservethewilloftheconqueror,orbekilled.Naturalism(SurvivaloftheFittest)–The“lawoffang”appliestothedogworld.BuckfirstmeetsitwhenCurlyistorntopieces.Herealizes,“Sothatwastheway.Nofairplay.Oncedown,thatwastheendofyou.”Heresolvesnevertogodown.Itsetsthepatternfortheremainderofthenovel.•HeredityandEnvironment–Londonwasadeterminist,andbelievedthatlifewasconditionedbyheredityandtheenvironment.–AslongasBucklivesattheJudge’sranch,hisinheritedinstinctsremainhidden.However,heisrapidlychangedbyhisexposuretoanewenvironment.–Theenvironmentshapeshim,butheredityalsoplaysalargepart.Headaptssowellbecauseheinheritsthefierceinstinctsheneedstosurvive,whichteacheshimhowtofightandhowtouseallthetricksofsurvival.Epigraph•。Atavism[‘ætəvizəm](返祖)•Oldlongingsnomadicleap,•Chafingatcustom’schain;•Againfromitsbrumalsleep，•Wakenstheferinestrain.长久以来的渴望不时闪动,因为世俗的羁绊而怒火中烧,将再次从冬眠中唤醒那野生的天性文本中体现着不同的哲学思想•马克思的社会主义学说•达尔文的进化论•斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义•尼采的“超人”哲学。Thankyouverymuch~