名词性从句概念:名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句可以分为_____________、_____________、_____________和_____________。同位语从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句名词性从句的连接词:•引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:(1)连词:that(无任何词意)whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)asif,asthough(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)这些词在从句中均不充当任何成分(2)连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which,whichever,whomever(在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语)(3)连接副词:when,where,how,why,wherever,whenever(在句中做状语)不可省略的连词:1.介词后的连词2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。如:(1)Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.(2)Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.主语从句•作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。•主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whichever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。•that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:•Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。主语从句•_____heisafamoussingerisknowntous.•_____happenedthatnightwillbeneverknown.•_____hewillgotoAmericaisnotdecided.•_________comesfirstwillbegivenaprize.•__________themeetingwillbeputoffisstillunknown.ThatWhatWhenWhoeverWhether注意:•1.有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。•例如:Whetheryouwillcomeornotdoesn’tmattersomuch.•可改为:_____________________________________.•Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.•2.主语从句可用it做形式主语,常用句型有:•①It+be+adj.(obvious,natural,surprising,wonderful,possible,likely,certain等)+that从句•Itiscertainthatshewilldowellintheexam.•②It+be+名词词组(nowonder,anhonor,agoodthing,apity,nosurprise等)+that从句•It’snosurprisethatourteamhaswonthegame.•③It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,announced等)+that从句•It’ssaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedatBeijing.•④Itdoesn’tmatter(makesnodifference等)+连词或副词引导的句子。•Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhecomesornot.•Itmakesnodifferencewhetheryoucancomeornot.你能不能来没关系。•注意:•主语从句that不能省略•If不能引导主语从句使用虚拟语气的主语从句1在Itissuggested,ordered,requested,insisted,etc.+that从句中,谓语部分用should+动词原形,should常被省略Itissuggestedthatwe(should)dotheexperimentasecondtime.2在Itisimportant,natural,necessary,etc.+that从句中,谓语部分常用should+动词原形,should常被省略。Itisimportantandnecessarythatwe(should)keepthebalanceofnature.3在Itisfunny,strange,surprising,apity,ashame,nowonder,etc.+that从句中,有时谓语部分用should+动词原形,来表达说话者的感情色彩,此时should也可省略。Itisapitythatyou(should)misssuchagoodchance.表语从句•在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。•引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样。表语从句有时用asif/asthough引导;because也可以引导表语从句。如:•That’sjustwhatIwant.•Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.★当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。如:•Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.•Itis__________theyneedmorehandsatpresent.•Thereasonis_____theyneedmorehandsatpresent.•Mydecisionis_____Iwillgoabroad.•Theproblemis_________theycanfindaproperpersontoreplacehim.•Thisis_____ourproblemlies.•Itlooks_____itisgoingtorain.•如果句子主语是suggestion,advice,order,表语从句使用should+动词原形。becausethatthatwhetherwhereasifMysuggestionisthatyoushouldsetoutatonce.宾语从句•在句子中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。•引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句和表语从句的关联词大致一样(但是if也可引导宾语从句),在句中可以作谓语动词或介词的宾语。注意:1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:Iknow(that)hehasjustgraduatedfromcollegeandthatheislookingforajob.2.如果动词宾语后又有补语那么要用it作形式宾语,然后把宾语从句放到补语之后。例:Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.3.I(don’t)think/believe/suppose/expect/imagine后接宾语从句时,反义疑问句要与从句中的主语和谓语保持一致。如:Idon’tthinkheisright,ishe?4.doyouthink/believe/suppose/expect/imagine后接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句,疑问词要放在句首。如:Whatdoyouthinkisgoingonoutside?5.whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,但要特别注意下面的几种情况:(1)宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。如:Iwonderifitdoesn’train.(2)用if会引起误解,就要用whether。如:Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.此句如果把whether改成if,(容易当成条件句理解)(3)宾语从句中的whether与ornot直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。如:Idon’tknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idon’tknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.(4)介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。(5)whether可与不定式连用。Itdependsonwhethertheweatherissuitableforustodoit.Heaskedmewhethertogowithhim.6.引导宾语从句,从句置于句首表示强调时,只用whether.eg:Whetherthisistrue(ornot),Ican’ttell.7.在discuss后面只能跟whether引导的宾语从句。Eg:Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop.引导主语从句时,从句位于句首用whether,不用if。Eg:Whethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome.她是否喜欢那件礼物我不清楚。引导表语从句时,用whether,不用if。例如:HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.它的第一个问题是福尔摩斯是否已经到了。6.在demand、order、suggest、insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”。例如:Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.7.动词doubt如果用于肯定句,其后的宾语从句常用if/whether引导,如果用于否定句或疑问句,宾语从句则用that引导。如:Idoubtif/whetherourfootballteamwillwinthematch.Idon’tdoubtthatIcandefeathiminthecontest.同位语从句•同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。•可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。如:(1)Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who。连接副词how,when,where等。(注:if不能引导同位语从句。)Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreeswithitornot.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。名词性从句的重难点1.引导词what和that的区别what:引导名词性从句且在从句中作成分(主语,宾语,表语等),相当于allthat/everythingthat。常译为“……的(东西,事情等)that:只起连接作用,本身无实际意义且在从句中不充当任何成分。如:Whathedidwasforyou.Ihopethateverythingisallright.2.引导词who和whoever的区别Whoever:意为“无论谁”,相当于anyonewho或thosewho,它既是从句的主语,又是主句的主语。Who:意为“谁”,它只作从句的主语,who引导的从句才是主句的主语。如:Whoeveristhefirsttocomewillgetagift.Whowillgetthegiftisnotimportant.3.引导词what和whate