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M7U1READINGUnit1LivingwithtechnologyTheevolutionofvideoandsounddevicesEarlyhistoryofTVThefirstpublicTVbroadcastsweremadeintheUSAin1925.Later,in1928,thefirstlong-distanceTVbroadcastwasmadebetweentheUKandtheUSA.Regularpublicbroadcastingfollowedshortlyafterwards,firstbeginningon11May1928inNewYorkandon20August1929inLondon.ManydifferentpeoplecontributedtothedevelopmentofTV.MostearlyTVbroadcastsweremadeusingasystemdevelopedbyJohnLogieBairdintheUK.However,hissystemwasveryprimitiveandhadmanydrawbacks.AnAmerican,PhiloFarnsworth,madeimportantbreakthroughsinthedevelopmentofTVinthelate1920sandearly1930s.ModernTVsusemanyoftheprinciplesfirstdiscoveredbyFarnsworth.JohnLogicBairdconstructedthefirstcolourTVin1928,butitwasnotuntil1938thatthefirstcolourTVprogrammewasbroadcast.Ittookmorethantwodecades,though,until1951,forregularcolourTVbroadcaststobeginintheUSA.RegularcolourTVbroadcastsweredelayedintheUKuntil1967.However,withinashorttimenearlyallTVbroadcastsweremadeincolour,andwithinfiveyearsmorecolourTVsthanblack-and-whiteTVswerebeingused.Themodernage：satelliteTVSatelliteswereusedtobroadcastTVbeginningin1962.SatellitesallowTVtobebroadcastliveovervastdistances,witheveryonereceivingthesamebroadcastatthesametime.TheyalsomakeTVaccessibletopeoplewholivefarawayfromcities,andsatellitedishescanoftenbeseendistributedthroughoutthecountrysideandremoteareas.Ofcourse,onlyasmallpercentageofpeopleownsatellitedishes.However,mostpeoplestillbenefitfromsatelliteTV,aslocalTVcompaniesbroadcastthesignalstheygetfromsatellitereceiverstothepopulationlivingnearby.EarlyhistoryofsoundrecordersItallbeganin1877,whenThomasEdisonmadethefirstrecordingofahumanvoiceonhisinvention,therecordplayer.Earlyrecordplayersusedroundtubestorecordon.However,in1887EmileBerliner,aGermanlivingintheUSA,inventedarecordplayerthatuseddiscsasalternativestotubes,andsothemodernrecordplayerwasborn.Thefirstrecordplayershadtobewoundupbyhandandonlyplayedrecordsthatweretwominuteslong.Timessurelyhavechanged!SoundandvideorecordersIn1928,thefirsttaperecordersusedtocopysoundweremadeinGermany.Mostearlyrecordersemployedsteeltapetorecordon,whichmadethemheavyanddifficulttouse,orpapertape,whichwaseasiertousebutoftenbroke.Itwasnotuntiltheearly1950sthatmosttaperecordersbeganusingplastictapeastheydotoday.Meanwhile,electricalcomponentseventuallybecamesosmallthat,bythelate1960s,portablecassetteplayersweredeveloped,alongwithvideorecorderswhichwereusedbyTVstations.Bythelate1970s,videorecorderssmallandcheapenoughforhomeusewereintroduced.SoundandvideogodigitalIn1982,thefirstCDsweremadeavailable.CDsareoftenusedforstoringandplayingmusicbecausetheyhaveamuchbettersoundqualitythantraditionalrecordsandcassettes.In1993,theVCDwasborn,andin1995,theDVDwasinvented.TheDVDisnowthestandardforrecordingM7U1READINGandplayingbackvideo.ThefutureWiththedevelopmentofdigitaltechnology,soundandvideocannowbestoredonaPC,ontheInternet,orusingsomeformofportablestorage.Thiswillsoonmakerecords,cassetterecorders,CDs,DVDsandevenTVsthingsofthepast.Technologyisnowchangingfasterthanmostpeoplecankeeppacewith.Whocanforeseewhatthefuturewillbring?ProjectTophoneornottophone?IntheUSA,theAmish--aChristiangroup--arefamousbecausetheydrivecarriagesinsteadofcars,donotuseTVsorrefrigerators,anddonothavepersonaltelephones.ManypeopleassumetheAmishmusthavereligiousreasonsfortheirmanyrules,butthisisnottrue.Intruth,wheneveranewtechnologyisintroduced,theAmishmeetanddiscussitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Theythenvoteonwhethertheywillacceptit.TheAmishrejectcarsbecausetheylikehavingtightcommunitieswhereeveryonelivesclosetogether.TheyhavenoTVsorrefrigeratorsbecausetheirhomesdonothaveelectricity--theydonotthinkitisnecessaryanddislikedealingwithstrangers,suchasthepeoplewhoworkattheelectriccompany.SincetheAmishvalueseeingeachotherfacetoface,theyopposehavingtelephonesintheirhouses.However,ineachcommunitythereisoftenasmallbuildingthathasatelephoneforemergencies.Thetelephoneisveryconvenientforcommunication,andmostpeopleintheworldtodaycannotlivewithoutit.However,maybetheAmishhaveavalidpoint.Whichismoreofafriend,someoneyouoftentalktooverthephoneorsomeoneyouoftentalktofacetoface?And,ifyouneedhelp,whocanhelpyoubetter,someonefarawayorsomeoneintheroomwithyou?Thereissomethingimportantaboutbeingtogetherandsharinglifethatcannotbefoundoveratelephonewire.Thereareotherdisadvantagestothetelephone,aswell.Forexample,nomatterwhatthecircumstances,whenthephonerings,everythingstopssothatthecallcanbeanswered.Yourfamilycouldbeeatingdinnerorchattingtogether,yetthiswillbeinterrupted.However,mostphonecallsarenotreallythatimportant;certainly,theycouldnotbemoreimportantthanfamilytime.Then,whenyouareabsorbedinabookorsimplytryingtorest,thephonealwaysseemstoberinging,destroyingwhateverpeaceyoumighthave.However,thepersoncallingisoftenmerelyasalesmanorsomeonewhohasdialledthewrongnumber.Withmobilephones,theseproblemsincrease.Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentalkingwithafriend,onlyforyourfriendtointerrupttheconversationtoansweracall?Forsomereason,atypicalmobilephonecallisnearlyalwaysgivengreaterimportancethana