TheLongWarAgainstCorruptionBenW.Heineman,Jr.,andFritzHeimann反腐败持久战小本·W·海涅曼和弗里茨·海曼AWAYTOGOSincethemid-1990s,theissueofcorruptionhasgainedaprominentplaceontheglobalagenda.Internationalorganizations,includingtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)andtheUN,haveadoptedconventionsrequiringthattheirmembersenactlawsprohibitingbriberyandextortion.Internationalfinancialagencies,notablytheWorldBank,haveannouncedprogramsaimedatensuringfairandopencontractingfortheirprojectsandstoppingmisappropriationbygovernmentofficials.Mostnationshaveenactedsometypeofanticorruptionlaw.Internationalbusinessgroupshavepromulgatedmodelcodesofbehavior,andmultinationalcorporations(MNCs)nowclaimtobeimplementingantibriberyprograms.Theleadingnongovernmentalorganization(NGO)inthisarea,TransparencyInternational(TI),hasconductedanalysisandadvocacythroughchaptersinover90nations.Theinternationalmediareportinstancesofcorruptioninhighplacesvirtuallyeveryday(oftenatgreatrisk).前进道路自20世纪90年代中期以来,腐败问题一直占据着全球议事日程的突出地位。一些国际机构,如经济合作和开发组织以及联合国,采取了协约的形式,要求各成员国制定法律禁止行贿受贿和索贿等行为。一些国际金融机构,尤其是世界银行,宣布了多个方案,旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性,杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。大多数国家都出台了某种形式的反腐败法。国际商业团体也颁布了行为示范法规,跨国公司如今宣称正在实施反贿赂计划。反腐倡廉方面的非政府机构的带头人“透明国际”也通过其分布在90多个国家的分支机构开展了分析和倡导活动。国际媒体事实上是每天(常常冒着极大的风险)报道高层人物腐败堕落的事例.Underlyingthesechangesinrules,rhetoric,andawarenessisthegrowingrecognitionthatbriberyandextortionhavedemonstrablydeleteriousconsequences.Goneisthedaywhensomepunditsseriouslyarguedthatcorruptionwasanefficientcorrectiveforoverregulatedeconomiesorthatitshouldbetoleratedasaninevitablebyproductofintractableforces.Thetrueimpactofcorruptionisnowwidelyacknowledged:corruptiondistortsmarketsandcompetition,breedscynicismamongcitizens,underminestheruleoflaw,damagesgovernmentlegitimacy,andcorrodestheintegrityoftheprivatesector.Itisalsoamajorbarriertointernationaldevelopment-systemicmisappropriationbykleptocraticgovernmentsharmsthepoor.之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高,其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说:腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为,或者说,腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品,它是不可避免的,我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。现在腐败带来的真正危害已经广为人知:腐败扰乱市场、破坏竞争、滋长市民的冷嘲热讽、削弱法治的威力、损害政府的合法性,还会侵蚀私营市场的诚信度。腐败还是阻止国际发展的极大阻碍,因为贪赃舞弊的政府自上而下的侵吞挪用坑害了穷人.Althoughitisdifficulttoquantifyglobalcorruption,thereislittlequestionthathugeproblemsexist.Forexample,theWorldBankestimatedin2004thatpublicofficialsworldwidereceivemorethan$1trillioninbribeseachyear(andthatfiguredoesnotincludeembezzlement).A2005surveybytheRussianthinktankIndemfoundthatmorethan$300billioninbribesispaidinRussiaannually(aten-foldincreasesincethelastsurvey,in2001)andthatmorethanhalfofallRussianshaveatsomepointbeenaskedforapayoff.Accordingtothe2005Volckerreport(areportontheUN’sformeroil-for-foodprogrambyanindependentcommitteeheadedbytheeconomistPaulVolcker),morethan2,000companiesparticipatingintheoil-for-foodprogram-almosthalfofthetotal-mayhavebeeninvolvedinkickbackschemes.Andthedrumbeatofscandalscontinues,witheventsinChina,Indonesia,Kenya,Russia,andtheUnitedStatesleadingthenewsduringthepastyear.虽然很难量化全球腐败的程度,但存在巨大弊端却是毋庸置疑的。例如,2004年世界银行估计全世界的政府公务员每年收受贿金在一万亿美元以上(而且这个数字还不包括贪污)。俄国智囊团Indem在2005年所做的一次调查发现:每年在俄国支付的贿金超过3000亿美元(比上次2001年调查到的数字增加了10倍),而且有不止一半的俄国人曾经被索要过贿赂。根据2005年度的沃尔克报告(由经济学家保罗·沃尔克担纲的一个独立委员会对联合国之前实行的石油换食品计划所做的调查报告),参与石油换食品计划的2000多家公司几乎有一半可能有吃回扣的行为。频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏,一直没有消停。过去一年,中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首Givenvast,continuingproblems,theanticorruptionmovementwillmaintainitscredibilityandmomentumonlyifitcantranslateitsrhetoricintoactionandpreventandpunishmisbehaviorinamorefocusedandsystematicmanner.Inthenearterm,theimplementationofanticorruptionmeasuresmustcomeinimportantpartfrominternationalorganizations,developednations,andMNCs.Developingnationsalsohaveacriticalroletoplay.Buttheirlegal,political,andeconomicsystemsvarygreatly-theyarefailedorfailing,fragileorrising-andsoanti-corruptioninitiativesinthedevelopingworldwillhavetobeapartof,anddependenton,eachcountry’sbroad,complex,andoftenlengthystate-buildingprocess.考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷,只有当我们以更加集中化和系统化的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时,反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲的势头。在近期内,唱重头戏的国际组织、发达国家以及跨国公司必须实施反腐措施。发展中国家也有重要角色需要扮演,但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大—它们要么不成功,要么眼看就要失败;要么不堪一击,要么正在兴起—因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分,而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。POLYMORPHOUSLYCORRUPTCorruptiontakesmanyforms.Ithasasupplyside(privatebribers)andademandside(publicofficials).Thereisgrandcorruption,involvinghigh-levelofficialswithdiscretionaryauthorityovergovernmentpolicy,andpettycorruption,involvinglower-levelofficialswhocontrolaccesstobasicservicessuchaseducationandelectricity.Thereisthedynamicbetweenthedevelopednationsthatareamainsourceofthefundsandthedevelopingnationsthathostthemajorityoftheofficialswhoextortandmisappropriate.形态多样的腐败堕落腐败的形式有很多种,它既有供给方(私人行贿者),又有需求方(政府公务员);既有能随心所欲地操控政府决策的高层官员参与的大规模腐败行为,也有控制着诸如教育和供电等基础服务设施的低层官僚参与的小规模腐败行为。再说,提供主要资金来源的发达国家和拥有大批巧取豪夺、侵吞私占的政府官员的发展中国家二者之间有一种动态机制。Tacklingthismultifacetedproblem,andunderstandinghownear-termprioritiesfitintolong-termapproaches,requirespursuingfourtypesofmeasures.Firstisenforcement,whichseekstodeterfuturemisconductbyinvestigatingandprosecutingexistingcorru