美国文学课件Ralph-Waldo-Emerson

AnAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoet,wholedtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.NewEnglandTranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmerson(May25,1803–April27,1882)IntroductiontoTranscendentalismandEmersonWhatisTranscendentalism?ThewholelifeMajorworksWritingstyleOthersAphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularlyatConcord(1836-1860),asareactionagainst18thcenturyrationalism.Thisromantic,idealistic,mystical,andindividualisticbeliefwasmoreacastofthoughtthanasystematicphilosophyThesoulofeachindividualisidenticalwiththesouloftheworld,andlatently（潜伏地）containsallthattheworldcontains.Throughbeliefinthedivineauthorityofthesoul’sintuitions（直觉）andimpulses,basedonthisidentificationoftheindividualsoulwithGod,theredevelopedthedoctrineofself-relianceandindividualism,thedisregardofexternalauthority,tradition,andlogicaldemonstration,andtheabsoluteoptimismofthemovement.Amongtranscendentalists'corebeliefswasthebeliefinanidealspiritualstatethattranscendsthephysicalandempiricalandisrealizedonlythroughtheindividual'sintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligionsTranscendentalismIntuition,ratherthanreason,wasregardedasthehighesthumanfaculty.Fulfillmentofhumanpotentialcouldbeaccomplishedthroughmysticismorthroughanacute（敏锐的）awarenessofthebeautyandtruthofthesurroundingnaturalworld.TranscendentalistsbelievedthatGodisinherentinnatureandinhumanbeingsandthateachindividualhastorelyonhisorherownconscienceandintuitionforspiritualtruths.MajorConceptsofTranscendentalism1.Itstressedthepowerofintuition.2.Itplacedspiritfirstandmattersecond.3.IttooknatureassymbolofspiritorGod.4.ItadvocatedthepermeationofOver-soul.5.Itstressedunityofhumanityandnature.6.Itstressedindividuality.HefoundedaTranscendentalists'ClubandonSeptember19,1836,heheldthefirstofficialmeeting.AfterthathebecamethemosteloquentspokesmanofTranscendentalismIn1841hepublishedhisfirstseriesofEssays,whichincluded“Self-Reliance,”“Prudence,”and“Friendship”In1842-1844heeditedTheDial（日晷）,atranscendentalistjournal1846PublishedPoemsOnApril21,1882,Emersonwasfoundtobesufferingfrompneumonia.HediedonApril27,1882In1834hemovedtoConcord,Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）,anddevelopedacircleofliteraryfriends,includingNathanielHawthorne,HenryDavidThoreauIn1836heanonymouslypublishedthefirstbook,Nature,alongphilosophicalessaythatestablishedhistranscendentalistviewsIn1837hedeliveredhisAmericanScholarlectureIn1838hedeliveredthe“AddressatDivinityCollege”HiswholelifeHewasborninBostonin1803,thesonofaUnitarian(唯一神论者)ministerwhowasamemberofanoldPuritanfamily.InOctober1817,at14,EmersonwenttoHarvardCollegewherein1820hebegantokeepthevoluminous（大量的）journalsthathecontinuedthroughouthislife,andthatformedthebasisofmostofhisessaysandpoems.In1823，hegraduatedfromseminaryschoolandbecameapriesttofollowinthefootstepsofhisfather.EmersontouredEuropein1833andlaterwroteofhistravelsinEnglishTraits(1856),duringwhichtimehemetCarlyle（卡莱尔）,Wordsworth,andColeridge（柯勒律治）,throughwhomhebecameintimatelyassociatedwiththetranscendentalthoughtandbroughtbackwithhimtheinfluenceofEuropeanRomanticism.MajorworksSecondSeriesFirstSeries（1841）Self-Reliance《论自助》Compensation《论补偿》TheOver-Soul《论超灵》LoveFriendshipPrudenceCircles《圆》IntellectEssaysSelf-RelianceEmersonurgeshisreaderstoretaintheoutspokenness（坦白）ofasmallchildwhofreelyspeakshismind.Achildhehasnotyetbeencorruptedbyadultswhotellhimtodootherwise.Healsourgesreaderstoavoidenvyingorimitatingothersviewedasmodelsofperfection;instead,hesays,readersshouldtakeprideintheirownindividualityandneverbeafraidtoexpresstheirownoriginalideas.Inaddition,hesays,theyshouldrefusetoconform（遵照）tothewaysofthepopularcultureanditsshallowideals;rathertheyshouldliveuptotheirownideals,evenifdoingsoreapsthemcriticismanddenunciationThroughouttheessayhegivesadefenseforhisfamouscatch-phrase“trustthyself.”Thisargumentfollowsthreemajorpoints:theself-containedgenius,thedisapprovaloftheworld,andthevalueofself-worth.Throughoutthisessay,Emersonarguesagainstconformitywiththeworld.Hegivesanarchetype（原型）forhisowntranscendentalbeliefs,butalsoarguesforhisslogan“trustthyself.”Forsomeonetotranscendtheircurrentstate,onemustleanonlyontheirownunderstanding,holdacertainlevelofdisregardfortheopinionsandcurrentsofsociety,andmostimportantlyholdarespectforselfregardlessofcircumstancesandsociety'sopinions.ThankYou!Emersoncallsonindividualstovaluetheirownthoughts,opinions,andexperiencesabovethosepresentedtobethembyotherindividuals,society,andreligion.ThisradicalindividualismspringsfromEmerson’sbeliefthateachindividualisnotjustuniquebutdivinelyunique;i.e.,eachindividualisauniqueexpressionofgod'creativityandwill.Further,sinceEmerson’sgodispurposeful,hemoldedeachindividualtoserveaparticularpurpose,todoacertainworkthatonlyheorsheisequippedtocarryout.Theme:individualism……………..“WhatImustdoisallthatconcernsme,notwhatthepeoplethink.Thisrule,equallyarduous（努力的）inactualandinintellectuallife,mayserveforthewholedistinctionbetweengreatnessandmeanness.Itistheharder,becauseyouwillalwaysfindthosewhothinktheyknowwhatisyourdut