Paraphrase-AND-summarize

Paraphrase&SummarizeWhatisparaphrase?“Paraphrase”isdefinedbyCambridgeAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryas“torepeatsomethingwrittenorspokenusingdifferentwords,ofteninahumorousformorinasimplerandshorterformthatmakestheoriginalmeaningclearer”.Itisyourownrenditionofessentialinformationandideasexpressedbysomeoneelse,presentedinanewform.Itisonelegitimateway(whenaccompaniedbyaccuratedocumentation)toborrowfromasource.Itisamoredetailedrestatementthanasummary,whichfocusesconciselyonasinglemainidea.Whydoweparaphrase?Ifyourpurposeisoneofthefollowing,youmaywishtoparaphraseaportionofatext:tomakesurethatyoufullyunderstandwhatthetextsaystodiscusssomeone’sargumentortextdirectly;touseasexpertevidenceforapointyouaremakinginyourownargumentativetext;Howdoweparaphrase?Lookawayfromthesourceandthenwrite.Readthetextyouwanttoparaphraseseveraltimesuntilyouunderstanditandcanuseyourownwordstorestateit.Thenlookawayfromtheoriginalandrewriteinyourownwords.Thinkofwhatyourownwordswouldbeifyouweretellingsomeoneunfamiliarwiththetopic.Howdoweparaphrase?TakenotesTakeabbreviatednotes;setthenotesasidethenparaphrasefromthenotes.Reading:SentenceSimplificationQuestionsSpeakingSection:Q3,Q4ExamplesOriginalTextMostmen,eveninthiscomparativelyfreecountry,throughmereignoranceandmistake,aresooccupiedwiththefactitiouscaresandsuperfluouslycoarselaborsoflifethatitsfinerfruitscannotbepluckedbythem.(fromWaldenbyHenryDavidThoreau,page109)ParaphraseThoreauarguedthatmostpeoplemisssomeofthebestpleasuresinlifebecausetheymakethemistakeofworkingunnecessarilyhardandworryingaboutunimportantproblemsOriginalText“Ifyou’recopingwithanillnessorwanttoexchangeviewsaboutamedicaltopic,you’llwanttofindyourwaytoanewsgroup.Despitethename,thesearenotcollectionsofnewsitems.Theyare,ineffect,virtualbulletinboardsopentoanyonewhocarestoparticipate.Themessagesgenerallyconsistofplaintext”.ParaphraseSchwartzsuggestsfindingarelevantnewsgroupifyouhaveaparticularmedicalproblemorifyouwanttotalkwithothersaboutamedicalsubject.Newsgroupsareonlinebulletinboardsthatareavailabletoanyone;inspiteoftheirname,theyarenotnewsreports.Anyonewhowishestomayjoininanewsgroupdiscussion.OriginalTextParaphrase“Insomerespects,theincreasingfrequencyofmountainlionencountersinCaliforniahasasmuchtodowithagrowinghumanpopulationasitdoeswithrisingmountainlionnumbers.Thescenicsolitudeofthewesternrangesisprimecougarhabit,anditisfallingswiftlytothedeveloper’sspade.Meanwhile,withtheiridealhabitatalreadyatitscarryingcapacity,mountainlionsareforcingyoungercatsintolesssuitableterrain,includingresidentialareas.Addthatcougarshavegenerallygrownbolderunderalengthybanontheirbeinghunted,andanunsettlingscenariobeginstoemerge”(Rychnovsky,“ClawingintoControversy,”p40)Californiansareencounteringmountainlionsmorefrequentlybecauseincreasingnumbersofhumansandarisingpopulationoflionsarecompetingforthesameterritory.Humanshavemovedintomountainousregionsoncedominatedbythelions,andthewildhabitatthatisleftcannotsustainthecurrentlionpopulation.Therefore,theolderlionsareforcingyoungerlionsoutofthewildernessandintoresidentialareas.Andbecauseofabanonhunting,theseyoungerlionshavebecomebolder–lessfearfulofencounterswithhumans.ExamplesinTOEFLReadingPerhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingonahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Paraphrasedas:IfUpperPaleolithicpeoplebelievedsuperstitiouslythatdrawingapictureofhumanimagewillcausedeathorinjurytothepersoninquestion,maybeitisthereasonwhythereweresofewhumanimagesportrayedinthecaveart.UpperPaleolithicpeople,likemanycontemporarypeoples,believesthatiftheydrewahumanimageintheircaveart,itwouldcausedeathorinjury.Manycontemporarypeoplesbelievethatthedrawingofahumanimagecancausedeathorinjury,sothey,likeUpperPaleolithicpeople,rarelydepicthumanfiguresintheircaveart.IfUpperPaleolithicpeople,likemanycontemporarypeoples,believedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathorinjury,thisbeliefmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Althoughmanycontemporarypeoplesbelievethatthedrawingofahumanimagecancausedeathorinjury,researcherscannotexplainwhyUpperPaleolithicpeoplerarelydepictedhumanfiguresintheircaveart.Plantswithlarge,buoyantseeds—likecoconuts—driftonoceancurrentsandarewashedupontheshores.Remarkablyresistanttothevicissitudesofoceantravel,theycansurviveprolongedimmersioninsaltwater.Whentheycometorestonwarmbeachesandtheconditionsarefavorable,theseedcoatssoften.Nourishedbytheirimportedsupplyofnutrients,theyoungplantspushouttheirrootsandestablishtheirplaceinthesun.26.Accordingtopara.5,amajorreasonthatcoconutscanestablishthemselvesindistantlocationsisthattheirseedscan:A.SurvivelongexposuretoheatonislandbeachesB.FloatandsurviveforlongperiodsinoceanwaterC.UsesaltwaterformaintenanceandgrowthD.Maintainhard,protectivecoatsevenaftergrowingroots.SummaryWhatissummary?Asummaryisaconciserestatement(shorterthantheoriginalsource).Anessentialskillforwritingresearchpapers,summarizingenableswriters