定语和定语从句山东淄博一中任大中定语从句贯穿每份高考试卷,是复习重点。由于它是定语的一种形式,复习应从“定语”抛砖引玉。一、定语定语是句子成分之一,可以由单词、短语或从句担当,对名(代)词修饰和限制。名(代)词称为中心词。形容词作定语一般前置,短语和从句作定语要后置,翻译成“……的”。另外名词、数词、非谓语动词(短语)、介词短语也可以担当定语。例如:abeautifulgirl(形容词作前置定语)一个美丽的女孩agirlinwhite(介词短语作后置定语)一个穿白色衣服的女孩agirlwhoissinging(定语从句,agirl为先行词)一个正唱歌的女孩定语有限制性和非限制性之分。对中心词来说必不可少的定语叫限制性定语,一般不用逗号将两者分隔;只起补充说明,用逗号隔开的定语叫非限制性定语。Shehadmanyredpencils.(red作限制性定语)她有许多红铅笔。Shehadmanypencils,red.(red作非限制性定语)她有许多铅笔,是红的。高考“定语”考点:①名词作定语;②不定式作定语;③多个形容词作定语的排列;④定语后置。【高考衔接】1.(NMET1993)Hedroppedthe______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.cupforcoffeeC.coffee’scupD.coffeecup2.(NMET2001)The_______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycle’sshop3.(1999上海)Therearefivepairsofshoes______,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing4.(NMET1997)---HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?---Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriend,andspentthe_____daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylast5.(NMET1998)IfIhad______,I’dvisitEurope,stoppingatallthesmallinterestingplaces.A.alongenoughholidayB.anenoughlongholidayC.aholidayenoughlongD.alongholidayenough6.(NMET2000)_____totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbravestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave7.I’dlikeyoutogiveme______toreadA.differentnothingB.somethingdifferentC.differentanythingD.anythingdifferent【答案与分析】1-2.D;B名词修饰名词。例如appletree,doorbell,churchyard,shoefactory,cottonproduction,artworks;schoolgate,partymember;letterbox等。3.B不及物动词不定式作后置定语不能忽略介词。4.B几个形容词同时修饰一个名词的排列顺序:限定性的+数量的+描述性+度量+形状+新旧年龄+颜色+国家来源出处+材料质地,例如thatprettylittleoldwhitehouse;hisinterestingnewhistorybook。5-6A;C.考查enough用法。7.B形容词修饰不定代词-thing要后置。二、定语从句⊙概述定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式,定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。形容词常作定语,因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分,注意两种形式的翻译。例如:Istillrememberthedaywhenwewentoutforapicnic..(限制性定语从句)至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。Thispupilstudiesverywell,whosefatherfeelsglad.(非限制性定语从句)这位小学生学习不错,他的爸爸感到挺高兴。⊙重点①关系词的选择。主要是:which和that区别;as和which用法;介词+关系词。②关系代词的省略。③定语从句和其他句型区别。在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点,由普遍到特殊,结合具体语境发散思维。切忌死背语法条目,只记特殊情况,忽略一般情况,形成思维定势。例如:1.---Look!Mynameisonthebag.---Yes.Ithinkthisisthesamebag_____youlostyesterday.A.asB.thatC.likeD.who2.(2002上海春季)Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained【答案与分析】如果认为thesame修饰的先行词后用as,reason后面用why,两个题目必错无疑。1.B根据上下语境,指“同一个包”,并非同类。2.Athereason在定语从句中作宾语。⊙典型错误书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误:①成分多余或缺失;②从句主谓不一致;③关系词误用或搭配错误;④与其他句型混淆。单句改错1.TheboyIhelpedhimthatdayisn’tgoodatEnglish.2.Whoisthesoldiergaveusaspeechlastmonth?3.I,whoisinAustralia,feelproudofbeingaChinese.4.Allwhatshecoulddowastogotochurch.5.Thebuildingwhichroofwecanseeisaschool.6.Thegirlfailedintheexam,thatmadeusdisappointed.7.IstillrememberthehousewhichIlivedwhenIwasachild.8.Theytalkedanhourthingsandpersonswhotheyremembered.9.Isthisfactorywhereheworks?10.Thecitizenswelcomedthenewmayor,mostofwhoareworkers.【答案与分析】1、删除him,如果使用关系代词可在I前加that/who/whom;2、在gave前加that。注意关系代词作主语不能省略,为避免歧义,本句不能使用who;3、is改为am,应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式;4、有2种改正方式:①删除all,句子为主语从句;②删除what或者把what改为that。5、有2种改正方式:①误用关系代词which,表示所有关系,关系代词作定语要用whose;②在which前后分别加of和the。6、that改为which或as,两者可以代替整个句子。位于句首只能用as,即Asmadeusdisappointed,thegirlfailedintheexam.7、①which改为where;②lived后面加in,此时which还可that或省略;③which前加in。8、①删除who;②将who改为that,先行词既指人又指物,使用that。想一想:还有哪些情况只用that而不用which?9、thisfactory为主语,不是先行词,可where前加theone;10、who改为whom,其它改法参考(二)§2定语从句的转换。⊙命题定语从句的命题一般不会太偏。单项选择命题以“隐身”为显著特点,即隐藏定语从句真面目不被轻易发现:①以假乱真:借助名词性从句、强调句等形似句型混淆。例如:Itwas(at)thebusstop______wemetthesingeranddancer.保留at是强调句,填that;去掉是定语从句,应填where/atwhich。②改头换面:采用并列复合句,使句子结构复杂化。例如:Doyouthinkthatitcouldbeintheinnin_____yousangafolksongyesterday_____youlostyourpassport?此句包含宾语从句的疑问句、强调句和定语从句,应填which和that。③笑里藏刀:借助关系词辨析、标点符号、插入语等手段,增加试题难度。例如:A.itB.asC.thatD.whatE.which1.______isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearth.2.______isknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearth.3.______isknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearth.4.______everybodyknows,themoontravelsroundtheearth.5.Themoontravelsroundtheearth,______everybodyknows.【答案】1.B;2.A;3.D;4.B;5.A/E【高考衔接】2004上海春季高考的36、37、38和41题。1.(36)Afastfoodrestaurantistheplace______,justasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.A.whichB.whereC.thereD.what2.(37)Itwasonlywiththehelpofthelocalguide_______.A.wasthemountainclimberrescuedB.thatthemountainclimberwasrescuedC.whenthemountainclimberwasrescuedD.thenthemountainclimberwasrescued3.(38)Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat_____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that4.(41)Alongwiththeletterwashispromise_____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether【答案与分析】1.B先行词theplace和从句之间加入插入语justasthenamesuggests,使两者分隔,加大了辨别难度。2.B本题实际考查强调句,其中A,D两个选项迷惑性较强,前者借助倒装,后者借助定语从句模样加以干扰。3.C如果不正确分析结构,容易选择B.whatIthoughtwasadangerousspeed作at的宾语.4.B为保持句子平衡,本句进行了部分倒装,hispromise是主语,后面为that引导的同位语从句。三、定语从句的合成和转换§1定语从句的合成定语从句的合成是1+1=1,即2个简单句合并成1个复合句。例如:TomhasanEnglishbook.①Thecoverofitisverybeautiful.②把①②合并成一个句子表达:Tom有本封面很漂亮的英语书。找重合anEn